Cross Cultural Analysis of Feminism in the Muslim Community

Muslim women in modern Muslim states encounter numerous predicaments and challenges particularly with the advent of Islamic conservatism worldwide. Muslim women are often oppressed and discriminated because their religion is used as a vehicle to propagate political ideas and form the basis with which the role of women in the society is determined.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cross Cultural Analysis of Feminism in the Muslim Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significance of Islamic law in the Muslim culture is extremely strong and one that cannot be ignored. Muslim women cannot snub Islamic law since they would be considered as discarding their identity and heritage. When they inquire about certain facets of Islamic law, they are accused of rebuffing their religion. Meanwhile, accepting feminism is considered as betraying their political, religious and nationalist identity. However, some Muslim women consider this argument as a misplaced premise and believe that there are other options for Muslim women to make (Othman, 2006, p.339). This paper will thus analyze feminism in the Muslim societies. Majority of the modern Muslim states have displayed a tendency towards implementing Muslim laws in all facets of life. Sadly, the tenets of these laws are awkward and in most cases, do not subscribe to the modern concepts of equal rights for men and women in the society. Ever since the worldwide Islamic renaissance began in 1970 in the Muslim states, majority of rulers in these countries, whether contemporary or secular have reacted to these demands of their Muslim brothers. The concessions made by Muslim governments have led to the adoption of progressive Muslim laws that are discriminative and oppressive to Muslim women in the Muslim societies (Othman, 2006, p.340). The mounting pressure on the majority of Muslim governments to adopt democracy also creates a problem to Musl im feminists. In the many contemporary Muslim societies, democratic structures have been initiated without any political traditions in place. Therefore, the creation of political space in Muslim states has incorporated a number of political Islamic organizations, in addition to conservative and tribal leaders who do not subscribe to principles of equality in Islam. Consequently, the period after liberty from colonial rule, women have lost a number of achievements made with regard to their personal status and their rights in the marriage institution (Othman, 2006, p.340).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, in Malaysia, an Islamic agenda was adopted with a relative success in economic policies from 1981 to 2003. The Barisan Nasional, the coalition party led by United Malays National Organization (UMNO) attempted to attract political support from the Muslim electo rate that through the adoption of Islamic policies. As described below, some of these policies restricted citizenship and human rights of Muslim women in the country (Othman, 2006, p.341). The ideologies fronted by Islamic movements in Malaysia are similar to those practised in many Islamic organizations in Arab world. These organizations have attempted to implement Islamic ideals by enforcing a collection of Islamic communal morals. They seek to reschedule tenets of social life, through the adoption of what they consider as authentic Islamic principles. Their foremost target is usually the rights and status of Muslim women in the society. Their attempt to control women in terms of their societal roles, sexuality and movements shapes the basic tenets of Islamic view of gender roles in the Muslim societies. For instance, the veiling of Muslim women and promotion of gender separation forms the core tenets of majority of Malaysian Islamic organizations. The subject of donning the hijab in all Muslim societies is a very sensitive issue. A Muslim woman’s commitment to her faith and Islamic identity is usually associated with donning the hijab. Thus, the impact of this religious requirement on their human rights is that it denies Muslim women the freedom of choice with respect to dressing (Othman, 2006, p.342). The persistence demand by most Islamists movements that women must wear hijab restricts the moral freedom and personal liberty of Muslim women in the society. An honor killing is without doubt an extreme form of domestic violence against Muslim women in Muslim societies. An honor killing is defined as a â€Å"premeditated murder of preadolescent, adolescent, or adult women by one or more male members of the immediate or extended family† (Yurdakul, 2001, p.964). The form of execution is usually determined by the family council which also set the day of the event.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cross Cultural Analy sis of Feminism in the Muslim Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The natures of charges leveled against Muslim women are tremendously vague and accusations may vary from dating, holding hands, kissing and having sex with someone who is not the woman’s culturally authorized husband (Yurdakul, 2001, p.965). Although domestic violence against family member is prohibited in many Muslim countries, incidents of honor killings in these states are rarely addressed by the judicial system of these countries. For example, in Turkey, the law enforcement process against incidents of honor killings is hazy. The principal participants in the criminal justice system are usually male who subscribe to discriminative Islamic tenets against women. For example, a recent survey revealed that over 65% of the police acknowledged that women were to blame for domestic violence against them because of their provocative dressing manners (Yurdakul, 2001, p.971). The majority of amendments to Muslim family bylaws exhibit gender biasness in nature. They have made divorce and polygamy more favorable for men and financial obligations of men towards women has been ignored. Muslim women who are deserted, divorced or beaten up by their spouses have no other options to seek legal redress other than through the shariah legal system which in most cases, rule in favor of men. It is usually easier for Muslim men to marry many women or divorce their wives because the law allows them to do so (Othman, 2006, p.344). Muslim women are not oppressed; on the contrary, they are liberated. When women don hijab and dress in loose fittings, they are complying with instructions of their Lord to be humble (Al-Oula, 2007, p.6). Islam acknowledges and promotes the inherent differences between women and men in spite of their equality. These differences do no favor Muslim men over their female counterparts because God is impartial. Islam teaches that Mus lim women should be loved and be treated with respect. For example, wives have a right to receive bride price as a gift from their husband for the marriage to be legal (Al-Oula, 2007, p.12). These rights are from God and aim to preserve a balance in the society.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Feminist social movements refer to the escalating tendency of national feminisms to politicize women’s matters beyond the frontiers of the nation state. The term points to the position taken by Muslim women against oppressive Islamic practises in Muslim the societies (Mendoza, 2002, p.314). With regard to new challenges to oppressive Islamic practises, Muslim women have adjusted their traditional roles within the modern American Muslim spheres. For example, National American Council for Muslim Women (NACMW) is among organizations that have redefined tenets of Islamic leadership by augmenting authoritative female voices. The organization educate Muslim women about new concepts regarding gender issues, Muslim culture and their religious roles, concepts that cannot be disputed by traditional Islamic practises (Abugideiri, 2001, p.1). The manner in which Islamic leadership is practised in Muslim societies- both inside and outside the western world- exhibits the models practised i n the early customs. As a matter of fact, Islamic leadership symbolizes masculinity, to which, the role of Muslim women is nonexistence (Abugideiri, 2001, p.2). As a result, some Muslim women have responded to Islamic chauvinism by starting feminist social movements. For example, the National American Council for Muslim Women (NACMW) was founded by Akhateeb in response to the cynicism encountered by Muslim women in Muslim organizations in the United States. NACMW was set up to provide education to Muslim women and arm them with Islamic knowledge so that they can control their lives (Abugideiri, 2001, p.10). NACMW has therefore confronted the traditional tenets of Muslim organizations in the United States. Apart from teaching Muslim women about Islam, the NACMW has been bold enough to tackle taboo issues such as domestic violence, polygamy and honor killings against Muslim women (Abugideiri, 2001, p.11). In spite of the unfavourable cultural and religious practises that restrict the freedom of women in many Arab societies, a good number of feminist social movements have come out to fight for the rights of Muslim women in the society. The National American Council for Muslim Women, for instance is committed to ensuring that the oppressive Islamic practises against women are brought to an end. References Abugideiri, H. (2001). The Renewed Woman of American Islam: Shifting Lenses towards Gender Jihad. The Muslim World, 91, 1-18. Al-Oula, J. (2007). Are Muslim women oppressed? Retrieved from https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/109366/ Mendoza, B. (2002). Transnational feminisms in question. Feminist Theory, 3, 313-332 Othman, N. (2006). Muslim women and the challenges of Islamic fundamentalism/extremism: An overview of Southeast Asian Muslim women’s struggle for human rights and gender equality. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29, 339-353. Yurdakul, SA. (2001). Culture of Honor, Culture of Change: A Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Tu rkey. Violence Against Women, 7,964-998. 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Overview ofUnited States Navy Regulations essays

Overview ofUnited States Navy Regulations essays United States Navy Regulation began with the enactment by the Continental Congress of the Rules of the Navy of the United Colonies on November 28, 1775. The first issuance by the United States government which covered this subject matter was an act for the Government of the Navy of the United States, enacted on March 2, 1799. This was followed the next year by An act for the better government of the United States navy. In the years preceding the Civil War, twelve successor publications were promulgated under a number of titles by the President, the Navy Department and the Secretary of the Navy. A decision was made by the Attorney General that the last of the pre- civil war issuance was invalid led to the inclusion that the orders, regulations, and instructions heretofore issued by the Secretary of the Navy be, and they are hereby, recognize as the regulations of the Navy Department, subject, however, to such alterations as the Secretary of the Navy may adopt, with the approbation of the President of the United States. Thirteen edition of the Navy Regulations were published in accordance with this authority, which provided that United States Navy Regulations shall be issued by the Secretary of the Navy with the approval of the President. In 1981 this provision was amended to eliminate the requirement for the presidential approval. While leaving this provision unaffected, Congress enacted the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 which granted each of the service secretaries the authority to prescribe regulations to carry out his or her statutory functions, powers and duties. The Chief of Naval Operations is responsible for maintaining Navy Regulations, and for ensuring that Navy Regulations conforms to the current needs of the Department of the Navy deems it advisable that additions, changes or deletions should be made to the Navy Regulations, officials should f...

What about drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What about drugs - Essay Example Substance abuse is frightening and I pride myself on keeping my body as healthy as can be. Recreational drug users are filling certain needs when they take drugs and this is directly related to the addictive nature as well as the chemical properties of certain drugs. Accordingly, recreational drug users who need their â€Å"fix† are actually filling a need which they themselves have created. We are not born with addictions, such as an addiction to tobacco or cocaine, these addictions are created by us and they become self-fulfilling prophecies. It has been medically proven that physical activity helps people overcome the issues associated with drug use and chemical dependency. Promoting activity, whether it is going to the gym, going for a run or playing a sport, can help people overcome the challenges associated with drug addiction. Children need to know that drugs are out there but that there is a fundamental difference between drugs which are legal and drugs which are illegal. I will talk to my kids about drugs and aim to provide an open forum for them to ask any questions they may have about drug use. Children are naturally curious and many teenagers experiment with drugs in high school. It is important to keep them knowledgeable about the effects of drugs so that they are aware of the ramifications of drug use. Kids should not be encouraged to experiment but they should be given opportunities to ask questions about drugs and expert an honest answer in return. My personal opinion is that alcohol and nicotine are dangerous and that both should be illegal. More people are killed by alcohol related violence or accidents than those cause by drugs such as marijuana and we as a society should not be promoting alcohol as a good thing. Smoking as kills millions of people but it remains legal and the government continues to earn tremendous revenue from the sale of tobacco products. Dangerous drugs

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Essay

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Nation Building - Essay Example The society is a framework within which different people interact to create various inclinations and trends which define the culture3. The world is a dynamic place and as changes occur in societies, there are numerous tendencies that makes it impossible for cultures to continue to be transferred from generation to generation. This therefore brings to play the concept of â€Å"cultural survival† which is concerned with the ability of a given culture to stand the test of time that comes with modernisation4. Professor Charles Taylor supports the communitarian school of thought which claims that the idea of individualism evolved as a consequence of some failures in the development of the modern Eurocentric society5. Due to individualism, the risk of cultural survival is now higher than it has ever been in the past. He holds that the replacement of communal structures with individualism is gradually causing the human race to lose important morals and values. As an antidote to this, communitarians believe that the social structures should be rebuilt and this can be done through enhancing different cultures in a given nation. This idea has become popularly known as the recognition of culture. Recognition of culture therefore refers to the respect of people's distinct cultures and allowing different people to practice their different cultures in a given nation. ... Taylor's argument, called the politics of equal respect implies that distinct cultures will have to be respected and allowed to thrive in a nation, even if it comes with wide differences. Theoretically, the recognition of culture means that if people from extremely different ends of the world come together in a given geographical area, they should be allowed to maintain their unique values, irrespective of how different they are. It is therefore obvious that this position of Taylor gives room for a wide diversity of possibilities which cannot go unchecked. In this paper, I examine the key debates of Taylor in relation to the concept of the recognition of differences in cultures. I will critically assess the validity of the communitarian views on the subject by comparing them to counter arguments and criticisms of his ideas. I will utilise various philosophical positions and ideologies of various thinkers and theorists and use them to validate or reject various propositions presented by Taylor and other communitarians. The paper argues that the idea of communitarianism is the best way for the survival of today's society and although there are some inherent challenges in it that threaten to prevent cohesion it is the only viable option in socializing children. The Basis of Taylor's Argument Taylor, in his book Ethics of Authenticity built a strong case against the existing systems and structures in the modern society. He identifies that there are three main 'malaises' or cankers in our modern society that are potentially dangerous to the current society7. The first malaise is the concept of individualism. People tend to have the freedom to decide what is right and choose to do it for themselves. Thus, whatever is convenient to an individual

Preventable Medication Errors Essay Example for Free

Preventable Medication Errors Essay In this essay I am going to discuss what the most common medication errors are, as well as discussing how these errors can be prevented. What are Common Medication Errors? â€Å"Drug errors are defined as unintentional acts, committed by healthcare providers involving medications (Medscape, 2007). Medication errors happen due to ignorance and lack of consciously being observant as to what is going on around them. Granted humans are only humans, and being is indefinitely going to result in human error. However, most of the common medication errors are a result of administering the wrong dosage of a medication, mixing medications with alcohol or simply confusing two medications that have similar names, such as Adderall vs. Inderal. â€Å" According to the national Medication Error Reporting Program, confusion caused by similar drug names accounts for up to 25 percent of all reported errors (Caring, 2008). Insulin is a common medication that is incorrectly administered by patients. Patients sometimes â€Å"double up† on the dosage to make up for a missed dose, or think they are in need of the extra medication. Doubling the dosage of any medication will result in very negative consequences or sometimes more often than not death. Ignorance and medication make for a deadly cocktail, knowing this truth, it is important to be aware of the dangers of mixing alcohol with prescribed medications. Synergism is the mixing of prescription medication with alcohol in order to receive a greater effect of the medication. Knowingly or even unknowingly consuming alcohol with prescription medication can result in permanent physical problems and/or even death. Administering the incorrect dosage of medication, as well as mixing medication with alcohol, or making a simple mistake in the identity of a similar medication are just three of numerous errors happening every day in hospitals and outpatient facilities in the United States. It is highly important to leave no room for error as a medical assistant by consciously being aware of these errors and making it a point to avoid them by checking the medications three times, checking the dosage being administered and being aware of any current prescriptions or alcohol history of the patient. What Can You Do to Prevent Medication Errors in the Practice? If the healthcare workers in the field follow the â€Å"Golden Rule† of the 7 patient rights which are: right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right technique, and right documentation, they will lower the risk of making medication errors. The patients 7 rights were implemented for this very reason, to prevent error in the field and make for a safer healthcare setting. Cognitive psychologists report that the human brain is creative and is wired to make errors (Medscape, 2007) As a medical assistant I can constantly be aware of the risks in not checking medications at least 3 times before administering the medication to a patient that I have personally confirmed to be the recipient of the medication. By making myself aware of a patient’s health history and any possible alcohol use will help ensure the patient’s safety and use of a medication. I believe that it is important in this field to leave nothing to ignorance, but by checking and re-checking the medication prescribed and the routes it is administered will greatly reduce any possible errors in a healthcare practice facility. Conclusion Preventable medication errors can be avoided by following the patient’s 7 rights of drug administration, and educating patients on the safety precautions that should be taken and making them fully aware of the dangers in not doing so. The communication and education of administering medications will help to lower healthcare costs and save the lives of many innocent victims due to medication errors. References: http://www. medscape. org/viewarticle/556487 http://www. caring. com/articles/medication-mistakes http://www. medscape. org/viewarticle/550273

mathew shepard :: essays research papers

I think that Mathew Shepard was a good person. That stupid church guy that said gays are evil, Matt’s in hell, and stuff like that are the â€Å"evil people. It’s not evil to be gay. All that stuff religious people say about gays is nothing that really is true. The religious people take in everything that the bible says about everything so hard. The bible wasn’t even written by god. The people that beat Matthew up were just raised to hate gays. It’s not right to kill a gay person for hitting on you, and that’s not even what it sounded like. Sounds like there were just being stupid. They sounded like they were just doing it for fast cash or something. Knowing that someone would do such a thing isn’t that great. It feels like this world is full of hate. Bin Ladin, the Matthew Shepard thing, and the list goes on. The real reason I think stuff like this goes on is because people aren’t raised right and the parents expose the bad stuff, and that’s why a lot of people kill. That’s what I think caused Matthew Shepard’s death. The parents were not very good if the kids took drugs and killed and beat people up. The aids thing didn’t surprise me. All my life I’ve been told from various places that 1 in 5 gay men have aids. First I heard about it in school in sixth grad I think. Then I hear it on the radio. Then I hear it on the TV. Matthew Shepard seemed like a good person. Doesn’t have bad habits as far as I saw. The incident made me think of how people use the word gay or fag. I have used those words a lot. I used them in the sense of stupid and ahole. When I was mad that’s what I would say. You can’t help saying it. You hear it all the time. I never used it to offend a gay person. I heard at my old school millions of times. I don’t think I’ll use that word any more.

Electronic Devices Essay

Ring! Ring! â€Å"Honey it’s your mother, please pick up your phone†¦ well call me when you get this message.† Two out of five kids get this voicemail daily during the week. The majority of students having a cellphone are only to contact parents and relatives. I think students should be able to have their cellphones and iPods out during school because after school kids should be able to contact their parents for any emergency. Students should also be able to keep their cellphones and iPods out for the resources, many sources including internet access and the use of calculators. I think students should also be able to use their cellphones and iPods for the music, music can change a person’s mood at any given time. While being in middle school I strongly believe that students should be able to use their cellphones and iPods during school and after. However, some people may argue that students shouldn’t have their cellphones and iPods out. They might argue that a student may be able to cheat on a test by texting their friends the answers. Or maybe the student’s phone might get stolen. The child might even get bullied with the use of a phone out. These little mistakes though aren’t something every kid goes through. Their mistakes that no one can control, but if they do happen then there will be consequences. However, I think students should be able to use their cellphones and iPods at appropriate times. I believe students should be able to have their cellphones out because after school they’ll be able to call their parents because someone might be trying to kidnap them. Or simply to just let them know their getting a ride with a friend. Many kids walk to school and from school to home. Meaning they need to be able to contact their points at any moment. Sometimes parents forget to pick up their child just because they’ve had a busy day at work. That’s when having a cellphone is really handy. During the day a cellphone can be useful especially when a student is having problems. Those problems can vary. Students at SVMS have experienced an unexpected problem that a cellphone could have been of good use. I think cellphones should be allowed at school in any case of emergency or if they just need to contact their parent. Additionally, I believe students should be able to have their cellphones and iPods out because they have resources. Using your phone you’d be able to use the internet for many reasons. Maybe you’re in science and a student asks a tough question that the teacher isn’t sure the answer is. By using your cellphone you’d be able to look the answer up on Google, it’s a quick and convenient resource to find an answer quickly to any question. Right after a quiz or test if you want to figure out your score and your teacher only told you how many you got right you would be able to pull out your phone or iPod and calculate your score. I think students should be able to use their cellphone or iPods during any time of the day for the resources. Furthermore, I believe using your iPods and cellphones should be allowed because of music. Music motivates people and can instantly change their mood. If someone is down all day, going to lunch and being able to just sit and listen to music can really bring someone up. Lunch on Fridays ASB plays music because everyone is so excited for the weekend. If you were to take away our cellphones and iPods there wouldn’t be any music to play. Even on Tuesdays during P.E we listen to music, when we run on the blacktop the coaches play music. They know that it pumps us up and helps us run. Some teachers even play music in class, it can either be a way of calming everyone or celebrating a class for their great achievements. I really believe that students should be able to have their phones and iPods for the music purposes. In conclusion I believe students should be able to have their phones and iPods out during school because after school kids should be able to contact their parents for any emergency. Students should also be able to keep their cellphones and iPods out for the resources, many sources including internet access and the use of calculators. I think students should also be able to use their cellphones and iPods for the music, music can change a person’s mood at any given time. While taking your time and reading this I really hope you look into helping us students by not getting our phones and iPods taken away for the various reasons. My reasons for wanting to keep our electronic devices are backed up from proofs from the SVMS student body and their life stories. As speaking for Spring Valley Middle I would like to thank you and hope you are against banding our electronic devices.