How Does Chinese Culture View Dogs

Dogs are known the world over as man’s best friend. But in China, dogs are also eaten as food. Looking past the oftentimes offensive stereotype regarding the treatment of canines in Chinese society, how does Chinese culture view our four-legged friends? Dogs in Chinese History We don’t know exactly when dogs were first domesticated by humans, but it was probably more than 15,000 years ago. Studies have shown that genetic diversity among dogs in highest in Asia, which means the domestication of dogs probably happened there first. It’s impossible to say exactly where the practice began, but dogs were a part of Chinese culture from its very genesis, and their remains have been found in the country’s most ancient archaeological sites. This doesn’t mean that dogs of that age were particularly well cared for, though. Dogs, along with pigs, were considered a chief source of food and were also commonly used in ritual sacrifices. But dogs were also used by the ancient Chinese as helpers when hunting, and hunting dogs were kept and trained by many Chinese emperors. Several breeds of dogs were developed in China, such as the Pekingese, Shar Pei, and Tibetan Mastiff. In more recent history, dogs were common in rural areas, where they served in part as companions but mostly as work animals, performing functions like shepherding and assisting with some of the farm labor. Although these dogs were considered useful and often given pet names—as is true for Western farm dogs—they weren’t generally considered pets in the Western sense of the word  and were also considered a potential source of food if the need for meat ever outweighed their usefulness on the farm. Dogs As Pets The rise of China’s modern middle class and a shift in attitudes about animal intelligence and animal welfare has led to a sharp rise in ownership of dogs as pets. Pet dogs used to be quite uncommon in Chinese cities where they served no practical purpose because there was no farm work to be done—and they were banned in many urban areas in the early 1990s. However, today dogs are a common sight on streets in Chinese cities nationwide, partly because of the health benefits of dog ownership. China’s government hasn’t quite caught up with the modern attitudes of its people, though, and dog lovers in China face a few issues. One is that many cities require owners to register their dogs and forbid the ownership of medium or large dogs. In some cases, there have been reports of overzealous enforcers confiscating and killing large pet dogs after they were ruled illegal in local law. China also lacks any sort of national laws regarding animal cruelty, meaning that if you see a dog being mistreated or even killed by its owner, there’s nothing you can do about it. Dogs As Food Dogs are still eaten as food in modern China, and indeed it isn’t particularly difficult in major cities to find at least a restaurant or two that specializes in dog meat. However, attitudes towards the eating of dog vary widely from person to person, and while some consider it just as acceptable as eating pork or chicken, others are vehemently opposed. In the last decade, activist groups have formed in China to attempt to stamp out the use of dog meat in cuisine. On several occasions, these groups have even hijacked trucks of dogs bound for the slaughter and redistributed them to proper owners to be raised as pets, instead. Barring a legislative ruling one way or the other, China’s tradition of dog-eating isn’t going to disappear overnight. But the tradition is less important to, and often more frowned-on by, the younger generations, which have been raised with a more cosmopolitan worldview and have had more exposure to the joys of owning dogs as pets. It seems likely, then, that the use of dog meat in Chinese cuisine may become less common in the years to come. Sources and Further Reading Feng, Yanyan et al. Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in pets from South China. Veterinary Microbiology 160.3/4 (2012):517–524.  Headey, Bruce, Fu Na, and Richard Zheng. Pet Dogs Benefit Owners’ Health: A ‘Natural Experiment’ in China. Social Indicators Research 87.3 (2008): 481–493.Koiviola, Zhanna. Chinas love-hate history with dogs. GB Times, June 13, 2016.  Zhang, Han et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Stray and Household Dogs in Guangzhou, China. The Journal of Parasitology 96.3 (2010):671–672.

A Comparative Essay On Hope - 899 Words

A Comparative Essay on Hope In Troubled Times and Summary Written by Bob Goudswaard, David Van Heemst, and Mark Vander Vennen Hope in Troubled Times: A New Vision for Confronting Global Crises, is a compelling book that captures the attention of any reader especially when we live in such troubling times. The Forward was written by none other than Christian Leader Desmond Tutu who opposed the apartheid in South Africa. Despite the cheery title this book was no easy read what so ever. The book covered topics cush as Worldwide Poverty, Environmental Degradation and Widespread Terrorism, just to name a few. The authors of this book had an interesting approach to laying these topics out, going in to great detail. Writing from a more realist approach the authors claimed not to be optimist, which was evident and at times they seemed slightly pessimistic. Throughout the book the authors made excellent use of many of our cultural problems pointing out their ideological roots. But before they did that they took to time to explain in great lengths wha t ideology really is and how it came about. It is more than just the dictionary definition: â€Å"the body of doctrine, myth or beliefs that guide an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group (Dictionary.com).† However, the explained how good ideas with good intentions and legitimate goals can over time become ideological without realizing it. Even goal like the systematic social and economic growth, protection andShow MoreRelatedAchieve a Level Four Performance in an Oral Exam Through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesLevel Four Performance in an Oral Exam through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay Part One Write an Effective Oral Essay/Formal Speech on a Comparative-Study Topic â€Å"The central idea, or thesis, is your essay’s life and spirit.† Sheridan Baker, The Practical Stylist Formal speeches are carefully scripted pieces of writing. 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Politics of Goof and Bad Writing free essay sample

In his first inaugural address, George bush displays bad writing through the use of meaningless words, dying metaphors and verbal false limbs and as a result creates a bored audience. Meaningless words or phrases are accumulated throughout each paragraph of the Bushs speech, like our nations has sometimes halted or faith in freedom and democracy. These words are not meaningless but when used in the context of a political speech, they are repeated so many times by so many politicians that they lose meaning to the audience causing a less powerful speech. Secondly, Bushs statement, Americas faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations is entirely made up of dying metaphors which make the speech loose vividness. Bush repeats the offense by stating, some needs and hurts are so deep they will only respond to a mentors touch or a pastors prayer. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics of Goof and Bad Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, Bush uses verbal false limbs like, which give direction to or to call for, to add information or more words to the speech but in turn they take away from the purpose of the speech. Therefore, Bushs use of meaningless words, dying metaphors and verbal false limbs results in a inattentive audience. In contrast, good writing uses parallelism, imagery, rhythm ,evokes emotion and is tied together with precise words that are simple yet authoritative. Even at the beginning of his acceptance speech of 2012, Obama exemplifies these traits by stating, Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone Whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you made your voice heard and you made a difference. The sentence shows parallelism through the repetition of equally weighted phrases and paints a mental image of the people of America on the streets of their country. Also alliteration is shown with the words pounded, pavement, picked and phone. With the use of parallel structure in his speech, the poetic rhythm that Obama is known for can be heard to give his speech more emphasis and give the ending a climatic build up. Obama goes on to say, I believe we can seize this future together because we are not as divided as our politics suggests. We’re not as cynical as the pundits believe. We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions, and we remain more than a collection of red states and blue states. We are and forever will be the United States of America. These sentences not only embody the characteristics of good writing but flood the audience with emotion due to respect for their president and their country and result in an inspirational and attentive mood. In summary, Obama effectively utilizes good writing techniques, such as parallelism, imagery, rhythm and emotion, to empower and inspire the country he runs. In conclusion, bad writing techniques such as meaningless words, dying metaphors and verbal false limbs used frequently result in an unclear message and a dull, disengaging speech; good writing expertly uses parallelism, imagery, rhythm and evokes emotion to create a clear message and inspire the audience. George Orwell states in his essay Politics and the English Language, language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Politics is the art of persuading people on a topic or an individual level but in order to persuade, language and writing should be used to express the point clearly rather than hide the point ambiguously.

The Role Century Poetry In Resisting Nationalism Essay Example For Students

The Role Century Poetry In Resisting Nationalism Essay Just chronologically but perhaps also depending on the specific socio-cultural contexts. Resistance itself becomes an important feature of this system of critique; from the resistance of Nationalism as a partisan system that promotes what Jacques Lagan would call the overriding attitude of unmediated opposition, to the resistance of Nationalism as an institution itself in favor of personal perception, to the resistance of any kind of institution whatsoever in favor of locating the Nation within the poetic self. Of course, this is not a singular chain of events, nor does the process take place in a linear, consistent manner. But having looked at the different pieces of poetry chosen for this discussion, it would seem that the critique and resistance of Nationalism are inseparable from each other; a criticism of the institution of Nationalism would invariably present itself as a process of resistance, because the very machinery of Nationalism dehumidifies and compartmentalizes, going against the basic nature of individual spirit, that tends to octet itself in the physical world. We will write a custom essay on The Role Century Poetry In Resisting Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Poetry, always one of the most powerful instruments communicating the spirit of the personal, confronts this restraining nature of Nationalism and critiques it through a chain of resistance, ultimately culminating in the personal itself; to understand Nationalism is to resist Nationalism, as the only way possible for the concept of Nation to be compatible to the liberated human spirit is for the Nation to be located within the self.

How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas

How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas By Mark Nichol This post defines and discusses the three types of conjunctions (words or phrases that serve as a bridge linking two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences): coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, join words, clauses, or sentences of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions, frequently listed in the following order to reflect the use of the mnemonic FANBOYS, include for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Others are neither, only, and â€Å"no more,† as well as several British English conjunctive phrases that combine one of the six conjunctions besides nor with that one (such as â€Å"and nor†). Examples of the ten listed conjunctions in use, accompanied by a description of their functions, follow: I walked, for I was in need of exercise. (rationale) I walked, and I ran. (addition) I neither walked nor ran. (alternative without contrast) I walked, but I ran, too. (contrast or exception) I (either) walked, or I ran. (alternative with contrast) I walked, yet I ran, too. (contrast or exception) I walked slowly, so I ran to catch up. (consequence) I don’t walk; neither do I run. (addition) I don’t walk; no more do I run. (addition) I would walk, only I run. (contrast) Note that the distinction between nor and or, which are generally accompanied, respectively, by neither and either (although the latter is parenthesized in the pertinent example because it is optional), is that with neither/nor, the choices do not affect each other, whereas with either/or, one choice cancels the other out. But and yet are virtually interchangeable, while the three addition conjunctions, and, neither, and â€Å"no more,† are listed in order of formality, with â€Å"no more† generally restricted to ritualistic or poetic usage. Only is used in the sense of â€Å"That [one idea] would be true if this [another idea] were not.† Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions include, among others, the following word or phrase pairs, which function to compare two pairs of words or phrases in a sentence that have equal weight; each is followed by an example: as much/as: Vacations like that can be a pain as much as they are a pleasure. as/as: This party is as dull as I expected it to be. both/and: Both the car and the truck are new. either/or: Either go now, or wait until later. just as/so: Just as you enjoy going to the theater, I like watching movies. neither/nor: Neither my father or my mother was born here. no sooner/than: No sooner had she read the letter than he arrived. not/but: It is not me but her who is to blame. not only/but also: I am not only tired but also angry. rather/than: I would rather play tennis than golf today. the/the: The more you read about it, the greater a problem it seems to be. whether/orv We couldn’t tell whether the baby is a boy or a girl. Some sentences incorporating correlative conjunctions are easier to construct than others. Those involving either/or and neither/nor, and â€Å"not only†/â€Å"but also,† are often erroneously composed because the first word or phrase is incorrectly situated in the syntax of the sentence. Note, for example, that in the following sentence, the placement of â€Å"either be able to† suggests that â€Å"carry on† will have a counterpoint later in the sentence: â€Å"Smith should either be able to carry on investing via his equity plan or by using the tax shelter within the new savings account.† However, the counterpoints, separated by or, the second of the two correlative conjunctions, are â€Å"his equity plan† and â€Å"using the tax shelter,† so either should immediately precede the first of the two choices, just as or immediately precedes the second choice: â€Å"Smith should be able to carry on investing either via his equity plan or by using the tax shelter within the new savings account.† Likewise, in â€Å"People did not only see him as a great athlete but also as a great man,† the suggestion is that people did two things in relation to the subject, including seeing him and something else. However, the intended meaning is that they saw him in two contexts, so â€Å"not only,† like â€Å"but also,† applies to saw and should therefore follow it, while â€Å"not only† immediately precedes â€Å"as a great athlete,† just as â€Å"but also† immediately precedes â€Å"as a great man†: â€Å"People saw him not only as a great athlete but also as a great man.† Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions, which join independent clauses and dependent clauses, or introduce adverbial clauses, include, among others, the following words and phrases: after although as â€Å"as far as† as if â€Å"as long as† â€Å"as soon as† â€Å"as though† because before â€Å"even if† â€Å"even though† â€Å"every time† if â€Å"in order that† once â€Å"provided that† â€Å"rather than† since so â€Å"so that† than though unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while why An adverbial clause is the beginning of a sentence such as â€Å"After searching the desk, I checked the file cabinet.† The same sentence can be inverted so that the subordinating conjunction links the independent clause â€Å"I checked the file cabinet† and the dependent clause â€Å"searching the desk.† Filling a similar role are conjunctions technically known as complementizers, such as that and whether, which turn a clause into a sentence’s subject or object. Examples include that in â€Å"John said that she was going to be here† (although that as a complementizer is generally optional) and whether in â€Å"I don’t know whether I can attend.† (Here, as in many but not all usages, if is interchangeable with whether.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsProbable vs. Possible15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Being A Good Nurse And Doing What Is Right Example

Being A Good Nurse And Doing What Is Right Example Being A Good Nurse And Doing What Is Right – Book Report/Review Example Being a Good Nurse and Doing What Is Right Task Being a good nurse and doing what is right According to the research done by Smith & Godfrey on what it entails being a dutiful nurse, seven aspects emerged with regard to the study. Personal characteristics being one of them would entail personal respect, being compassionate, excellent communication skills, respects other people’s beliefs and takes care of his or her self. It requires one to have professional experience that would include being an ambassador of the profession and working towards developing the field of nursing and acting as the profession requires. Another aspect would be the knowledge base of the nurse. They should trust the experience they would have gained in the nursing career, be competent in their work and be ready to learn to better their skills and knowledge. Patient cent redness would also be exercised. This would be by putting the patient’s interest first and giving them priority over other thin gs. Being a good nurse would require one to be the patient’s advocate at all times. They should be supportive and advocate for choices and preferences of patients. A good nurse would be required to posse’s decisive thinking skills. These would help them make decisions that would be conflicting regarding their career, obligations and rights of the patient. They should make sound judgment when solving patient’s problems. A nurse who would portray patient care would also be termed as being good. This would be by giving the patients the right attention in dealing with their needs. This would be achieved by involving concerned family members and health care team members. If a good nurse does this, the patient gets the best care that would enable them recover quickly. Patient’s care would also include teaching and communications aimed at addressing the patient’s needs. Therefore, any nurse who would have the above characteristics and apply them in the co urse of their duty would be termed as being a good nurse (Smith & Godfrey 2002).ReferenceSmith, K. and Godfrey, N. (2002). Being A Good Nurse And Doing The Right Thing: A Qualitative Study. Retrieved on January 16, 2012 from:

Topic 4-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic 4-1 - Essay Example The student may interest in a given career such as teaching but depicting behaviors that are not appropriate for the teaching career. For example, the student may introvert and has low motivation to research. The student may also like doing things in isolation than group (Brown & Lent, 2013). When attending to such a student, a counselor applying the Social Cognitive Theory may train the student to develop extrovert behavior to enable open interaction with others. The counselor may also encourage and admit the student in tasks that require group participation so that the latter can develop skills and behaviors that support open socialization and corporation. The counselor may also urge the student to identify the best teacher and note the characters that make them perform to attract admiration. The counselor should then train and encourage the student to emulate and practice the behaviors of the role-model teacher (Brown & Lent, 2013). The choice of the Social Cognitive Theory relates to it ease to assist in effective counseling of career related problems. Focus on social interactions and environmental influences on human behavior provide immediate elements to check when attending a client. It is easier to analyze and influence behaviors of a client by studying the social and environmental forces that influence

Battle Over Water For Farmers Or Wild Fish In Southern Oregon Essay

Battle Over Water For Farmers Or Wild Fish In Southern Oregon - Essay Example Sides of the Oregon Crisis However in 2001, the Indian tribes, federal wildlife managers and environmentalist all came forth with conflicting claims to Klamath basin’s water, culminating in a fierce battle for water. The crisis began in the spring of 2001 when the National Marine and Fisheries as well as America’s â€Å"Fish and Wildlife Service† demanded that the Bureau of Reclamation, the agency in charge of water distribution from Klamath Reclamation Project, should cut off water supply to farmers so that the basin’s water could stay upstream to sustain the shortnose suckerfish and Lost River fish (Anderson, 2002). Following the cut off, infuriated farmers began to demand that the canals be opened to release water into their farmlands. Bowing to pressure, the Bureau of Reclamation went ahead and released water into farms (Becker, 1999). The crisis took another complicated turn in 2002 owing to three notable events; Firstly, in February 2002, the National Academy Of sciences released a report asserting lack of reliable premise for cutting off water to farmers in 2001 in order to sustain the habitat of endangered species† (Meiners & Shaw, 2003). Secondly, in the summer of 2002, there was an increase in water demand that exceeded the supply. And thirdly, the Bureau for Reclamation was still under pressure from farmers not to cut off their supply.

School Papers Essay Example for Free

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Impact Of Security Risks On E Commerce Information Technology Essay

Impact Of Security Risks On E Commerce Information Technology Essay A security risk often can be represented as the event that compromises the assets, operations of an organization. The impact of the security risks is different on different kind of systems depending on the environment in which they are being utilized. That mean the impact on server systems is different to that of the impact on the client systems. Because of its openness and convenience Internet has become the biggest and most important market for people to do business and transactions. The security risks are mainly due to Intruders, viruses, worms, Trojans which have their own impact on the data systems. So here the scope of this research paper covers the security issues and their impact on the e-commerce. This focuses on a risk in case of e-commerce and it is defined as a function by security business professionals and the impact on the systems because of various security threats and vulnerabilities with real time examples and scenarios. These security issues are basically consists of various vicious attacks, these attacks, from a technical view can be sort into some categories; Loss of Confidentiality, Loss of Integrity, Loss of Availability, Loss of Accountability. And there are some threats that affect the computer systems such as; Web Server threats, Database threats, Programming threats, Threats to physical security of Web Servers which also affects the e-commerce. INDEX Introduction Risk in e-commerce Risk as a function Literature review Findings and discussions on typical Impact of risks on e-commerce systems Conclusion References 1.Introduction: With the development of Internet is still on the fast track even after the .COM bubble burst, more and more companies, enterprises especially small and medium size companies came to realize the opportunity that electronic commerce can brought to them. Therefore, they are trying to catch up with those forth goes in this area. In the meantime, quite a lot of companies that are in the leading position of e-commerce implementation are caring more on how to strategically avoid, reduce and manage the potential risks behind the   e-commerce  stage. Here this paper narrates; what is a risk in case of e-commerce? How it is defined as a function by security business professionals? What is the impact on the systems because of various security threats and vulnerabilities with real time examples and scenarios? In early days of using computer systems, most of the systems are standalone and the security was accomplished by the physical controls over the access to the computers. Burglar alarms, alarmed doors, security guards, security badges, cameras allowed the people to the most secured and sensitive areas. The interaction with the systems at that time is very less and its confined to very limited numbers i.e. to enter the data, manipulate it. The network of the systems is also confined to limited number of terminals and the security of it is in the hands of a limited persons. But now the condition has changed extra-ordinarily that millions of people around the globe are able to access to the network at a single moment of time effectively. So as the information from one place is being accessed by someone in another place over the computer networks, the security issue arises. Lots and lots of sensitive information are being accessed over the both private and public networks. So along with the fast growing technology the security threats are also increasing day to day. 2. Risk in e-commerce: What is risk in case of e-commerce? A risk may be defined as a security breach in which there might be a loss or theft of some information or assets containing the secret issues. The E-commerce systems are depending upon internet use, which provides open, flexible and provides a way for easy communications on a global basis. However, may be because of any reason the internet is unregulated, unmanaged and uncontrolled, so it posses many and wide range of risks and threats which in turn will affect with a great impact to the systems operating on it. Anecdotal evidence indicates that the main risks which are associated with e-commerce concern intruders, hackers, viruses, worms and interception of credit card numbers which are passing over the telecommunication lines or channels.  These risks can lead to the events resulting in the deliberate or inadvertent loss of many assets and this deliberate loss of assets can result from disclosing of the information, fraud, and deliberate disruption of service.   3. Risk is a function of three factors: Risk as a function Most of the security professionals will see that risk is a function of three primary factors: threats; vulnerabilities; and their business impact. Combining all these provides a standard formula for the risk that is often used in security and business continuity planning. So, E-commerce has had a big impact on all these three factors. Threats: Threats are naturally increased with the exposure. The more exposed a system is to people or other systems, the greater will be the odds that someone or something or some system will attack that system like Cyber squatting, Eavesdropping, Web Jacking, Denial of service attacks. E-commerce magnifies this exposure of systems by making various business services available via the Internet or other kind of networks and by integrating them with the back-office systems, such as some softwares, mainframes and by using enterprise resource planning software. Vulnerabilities: Vulnerabilities are those which increase with complexity. If the system is more complex, then there would be a greater likelihood of software defects, system defects or configuration defects/flaws that make that system susceptible to compromise. E-commerce increases complexity by promoting the more use of Web services, distributed databases, security zones, multi-tiered applications and other sophisticated technologies. Impact: Here comes the main subject of this research paper, the impact can be of any type-business or personal. Business impact is the one which increases with the business value of the system, as well as the amount or the length of time the system is compromised during an attack. There is some relationship that exists between these-business impact, its value and length of time of attack. The relationship between business impact and its value is almost linear, where as the relationship between business impact and the length of time is very rarely linear i.e. the maximum loss of the information or anything may be incurred instantaneously. For example, consider an attacker may steal the information of 100 credit card numbers and the associated customer profiles very quickly after compromising a banks or financial institutions database server. Here the E-commerce affects the business and its value directly on bottom line. 4. Literature Review: While the concept of e-commerce is no longer be considered as a new concept, an important part of E-commerce which is still relatively new is the issues of security risks that greatly affect the economy of the e-commerce business that directly connects with the customers to sell the products and services. The main trend in the E-commerce is to rely greatly and heavily on the network of computers connecting with all the databases. And they have the ability to provide a connection directly with the customers regardless of location and in the way that builds loyal and trust relationships between a customer and seller. However, it is important to examine a full range of issues related to the e-commerce strategy of the security risks as a way to attempt to connect with customers and increase their revenues. There are issues such as the issue of the impact of the security risks due to viruses, worms, bugs, attacks, frauds around the world, and even the way in which these attacks and frauds on the e-commerce systems affecting the revenue and making the trust of customers towards the business sites to decrease to a great extent. The information about the actual success of e-commerce methods and strategies that are based around business networking and an idea that the customers insight has been reduced because of the ease with which people can communicate will also is examined. In this review of the recent academic literature regarding E-commerce related to the use and impact of security risks and frauds, information about the reduction of customers insight into the commerce websites due to frauds and the impact on E-commerce strategies due to which the revenue is reduced is also reviewed. Even more, with the academic literature that is seen and reviewed, the strategies and variables that are very important for E-commerce companies i.e. how the security risks will affect the revenue and how the customers lost their information due to frauds will also be discussed. 5. Findings and discussions on typical Impact of risks on e-commerce systems: There are various threats to the e-commerce systems: threats posed to files, databases by viruses, Trojans, botnets etc, card payment frauds, malicious attacks from in and out of the business, hacker threats etc. So now we see the findings based on the function of the risks i.e. we see threats like web bugs, active content, integrity threats: Cyber vandalism, spoofing , Necessity threats: denial of service, web server threats, database threats and vulnerabilities and the impact of them on their business and systems. Impact by Trojans, viruses and botnets- Viruses and worms are the computer programs that spread across the computers and networks by making multiple copies of themselves i.e. usually without the knowledge of a computer or system user. A Trojan horse is a type of program which appears to be a legitimate but it actually contains another type of program or block of undesired malicious, infected code, disguised and hidden in a block of the desirable code. It can be used to infect a computer with a virus. A back-door Trojan is a program that allows a remote user or hacker to bypass the normal access controls of a computer and gain unauthorized control over it. Typically, the virus is used to place a back-door Trojan into a computer, and once it is online, the person who sent that Trojan can run programs on the infected computer, access personal files, and modify and upload files. So these merely affect the computer systems which are involved in the transactions, these by installing themse lves into the computers make some mess with the data in it or make it vulnerable for other type of attacks and in case of a Trojan the impact is very high that the attacker can bypass the access to the resources for the unauthorized use. Example: There has been a new wave of malware attack that has started affecting BlackBerry and it has originated from Poland. The aim is to extract banking passwords. So by this the attackers can affect the e-commerce transactions by using the credit card or bank details. A botnet is one of the infected vaults which are a group of infected, remotely-controlled computers. The hacker sends out a virus, Trojan or worm to ordinary computers. These computers can then be used to launch denial of service attacks, distribute spam e-mails and commit click fraud, identity theft and thefts of log-in details and credit card numbers. The impact due to the web bugs makes the user or customer to feel bad about some companies which involve e-commerce. This is because the attackers who attack with web bugs gains the information of the ISPs of the system, so the web bugs are introduced in the e-mails and makes that e-mail address a valid one. Active content is the content which is used by the e-commerce sites to display their items, perform check out tasks and calculate tax and shipping information etc. This active content may include java applets and java scripts. Many websites have the options to control the active content but despite the attacker use this active content to impose their code into the website. By this the attacker can do a mess with the content of the website and can gain some private information about the customers. So the impact is very risky that the users details such as the card details etc can be by passed to other attackers terminal. The impact of the Cyber vandalism is very bad that the customer may get disgusted by the web site presence which in turn makes the customer never come back to this web site thereby decreasing the business of this website. This is because the attacker will replace or defaces the content of the website with his own content such as with porn content. So this cyber vandalism made a serious dent in the customer confidence in internet based e-commerce. This is a type of integrity attack in which the impact is majorly on the information present in the website. Example: When the Internet was new for the home users, the young hackers would gleefully deface websites; they break into corporate, e-commerce computer networks and try to outdo each other at how much mischief they could cause for the corporate networks, looking for fame among their contemporaries.  (Husted, 2011) Spoofing is another type of attack by which many websites are victims and its impact is great on the economy of the e-commerce websites. In this type of attack the perpetrators make use of the loop holes in the DNS servers and make their fictitious website as a real and original website to spoof the website visitors, so when the visitors have submitted their credit card details or any private information the attackers use these details to order the items and make them to ship to other addresses. Even the big e-commerce companies such as Amazon.com, AOL, eBay are the victims of this attack. Example: Recently many of the individuals are getting the e-mails that found to be legitimate from the original e-commerce websites such as Dell, Amazon that these e-mails will encourage the victims to click and submit usernames, passwords and some of their private information like card details, so then boom, they are spoofed i.e. the attackers now use their credit card details and can do all the mess which may be expected. The impact of the Denial of Service on the e-commerce is great that the websites which are attacked with this delay in service cannot handle the requests given by the customers thereby decreasing the sales and commerce. The attackers will keep the central server that handles the request very busy by sending the inappropriate requests. This makes the customers of a particular e-commerce website disgusting and they automatically go for the other competitor website. This can also be seen in the credit card payment gateway in the websites making the customers waiting for longer times and leave the website. Example: On December 8, 2010, a group called anonymous launched a Denial of Service attack on organizations such as  Mastercard.com,  PayPal,  Visa.com  and  Post Finance and made the payment gateways as dead for many hours irritating the customers of many e-commerce websites.( Addley, Esther; Halliday, Josh, 2010) The web servers threats also had a great bad impact on the e-commerce business. Actually the web servers are responsible for delivering the web pages upon the request through http protocols. So here when there are vulnerabilities the attackers will do mess and in affect the e-commerce business degrades. Web servers can compromise the security by prompting the users to enter their usernames and passwords when the user visits multiple pages in the same web servers protected area. The passwords that the user selects can be a threat. They select the simple passwords. If the file containing the private details is compromised, an intruder can enter into the privileged areas, and obtain the usernames and passwords. The database threats also pose a great impact on the e-commerce business. Besides storing the information the database servers also connected to the web servers which contain valuable private information that could damage the whole company irreparably if disclosed or altered. And most of the database servers rely on the username and password security that if compromised can cause a great impact on the whole website. Generally the database that contains the usernames and passwords are encrypted but some of the databases of some companys may not be encrypted, so if the unauthorized users obtain the authorization information then they can masquerade as the original database users and can get the confidential and potential valuable information like bank details etc. Once if the database of a certain company is compromised then the attackers may play with these details that they can use the card details and can buy the things they want in the e-commerce websites and can ship to their addr esses. The impact by Server Root exploits refer to techniques that gain a super user access to the server. This has a very big impact on the e-business because it is the most coveted type of attack and the possibilities are limitless i.e. the attacker can play what he wants. When the attacker attacks a shopper or his personal computer, he can only affect that single individual. But with this kind of root exploit, the attacker can gain control of the merchants, sellers and all the shoppers information that has links with the site. The attacker uses are two main types of root exploits: buffer overflow attacks and executing scripts against a server. The consequences may be very high that the attacker can do a mess with the website. In a buffer overflow attack, the hacker here takes the advantage of a specific type of computer program may be a bug that involves the allocation of storage of information during the program execution. This technique involves tricking of the server into executing a code written by an attacker. The other technique uses the knowledge of scripts that are executed by the server. This step is easily and freely found in the programming guides for the server. The attacker then tries to write the scripts in URL of a browser to retrieve information from his server. This type of technique is frequently used when the attacker is trying to retrieve data from the servers database and after getting he or she may misuse the details of the users who shop through online. This will intern make the customers not to visit the particular site again as they got crapped by it. Example: AS MANY as 9000 New Zealanders may have had their credit card and personal details stolen after a Lush cosmetics website was hacked. This company has urged its online customers in New Zealand and Australia to contact their banks to discuss cancelling their credit cards (Rogers, 2011). In 2007, IC3 Internet Crime and Complaint Center received 219,553 complaints that totaled $239,090,000 in financial losses in the form of assets or in form of theft. The average loss per complaint is around a $1000. C:UsersBharathDesktop2007_ic3report.jpg Source: Internet Crime and Complaint Center 2007 Report 6.Conclusion: This article outlined the key security attacks and impacts in an E-commerce system. The Current technology allows for secure website design. The rise of users identity theft and the fraud that attackers do and it has long been seen as a threat to e-commerce revenue growth. With the complaints of identity theft, loss of private information and phishing attacks on the rise, many customers may shy away from buying goods and services online. It is up to the site developing team to be both proactive and reactive in handling the security threats to reduce the high impact on the e-commerce business, and up to the shopper to be more responsible and vigilant when shopping online.

Life in a Hostel

The life in a hostel is different from that of the home. At home, sometimes it becomes different to frame suitable timetable of studies. There may be relatives or guests visiting frequently and making the atmosphere of home quite unfit for serious studies. In such situation hostel-life seems to be boon for a student. Far from his/her home, he/she finds all facilities that are essential for sound studies in a hostel. Hence, hostel life is welcomed by most of the students. Hostel life is regular and helpful to study.Hostel is a place where students are given proper environment for all round development resulting in good careers. Here they find safety against many social evils. Living in a hostel students have to follow its general rules and regulations which are meant to make their life regular and punctual, the basic needs of success. They are taught to be self dependent; also they are given guidelines so that they may prove themselves worthy citizens of the nation. In schools, more e mphasis is given on text books and the students are kept busy in completing homework in different subjects.In hostel too text books are taught with great care but at the same time, the students are given education on morality, responsibility and other basic norms of human life. In a hostel, a student comes in contact with a number of other students. He acquires many good qualities from them. When a student sees his next door neighbour daily taking morning exercise, he also gets inspired and starts doing the same. One good student becomes an example for other hostellers’.Thus a good environment is created where the hostellers’ sole aim becomes to devote their time to useful activities, in which studies comes at the top. Hostel life makes the students competitive. They do hard labour in company of their room-partners and accordingly dream for bright future. At times they help the weak students in their studies. They support each other by sharing their joys and sorrows. T hus, hostel life not only develops the spirit of healthy competition, but also teaches the lesson of mutual cooperation. But hostel life has many drawbacks.Students coming for the first time to a hostel, find entirely new atmosphere. Sometimes they misuse the freedom, they get in the hostel. They begin to smoke and at times, even to drink. Studies become secondary for them. Such students must not be sent to hostels. Instead they should live under parental care. Overall hostel life is a boon and a bane-both at the same time. It is a boon for those students who take advantage of it and make their life successful. On the other hand it is a bane for those who fail to realize the, very purpose of hostel life and spoil their future.

Convey the story Essay

Heloise and Abelard by James Burger has its place among the most famous biographies that were written about the pair of lovers who lived in Medieval Age, and which is based on the correspondence the two held. It opens a new perspective on the life of the Dark Ages, on its institutions and philosophies, and most of all, on its theology. The lovers who became the victims of the religious age they lived in, that could not admit their love, or any other type of love, for that matter, except religious love. The characters themselves are besides the initiators of free love, the ones who foresee the escape from the too rigid, rule-based religion of the Medieval centuries: â€Å"Let us read after this the famous Colloquy of Erasmus, â€Å"The Franciscan†, and we will find repeated all the essential ideas of Heloise: Christ preached but one religion, the same for layfolk and monks; the Christian renounces the world and professes to live only for Christ, and St. Paul did not preach this doctrine for monks but for everyone; layfolk, even the married, are bound to chastity and poverty quite as much as monks; in short, the only rule binding the Christian is the Gospel. Once she has adopted this course, Heloise’s frank and direct reason would not let her stop. Carried away by her own logic she was to touch, one after the other, almost all the critical points on which the humanists and reformers of the sixteenth century are so insistent. Why forbid meat to monks? Meat in itself is neither good nor bad. Let us not attach religious importance to things which in fact have none. Nothing counts save what can lead us to the kingdom of God. Let us forget, then, these exterior practices common to truly pious souls and to hypocrites, It is only interior acts that really count for the Christian. The rest is Judaism. † (Gilson, 132) Thus, the point that the story of Heloise and Abelard is trying to make, is that theirs was the one of the most tragic examples of the many failures of the Medieval Age, which persecuted through religion and rigid commandments, trough enclosing monasteries and punishments of all kind, instead of opening the road to what true spirituality means. The touching and tragic story of the lovers impresses because of the nobility of their thoughts and feelings, and also to the spectacular love story, which remains intense throughout their lives. Love is blended with the Christian doctrine, and the lovers try to find a bridge between the two, something that will only be found later in the history or religion, with the advent of humanism. 2. Explain who Heloise and Abelard were. What is their background and upbringing? What brings their paths together? Heloise and Abelard form one of the most famous couples known for their romantic love, so often compared to such immortal stories like that of Romeo and Juliet. However, their story is the real account of a twelfth century couple that lasted throughout the centuries both because of the unusual love story that united them, and also because of the startling sincerity and openness of the letters that favors a clear view of their characters and lives, and of the circumstances of the century they lived in. Pierre Abelard was a well-known philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, whose studies have been concerned with mainly with logic and dialectics in the early years, and then with ethics and theology later on in his life. Of the account he himself gives of his early life in the letter addressed to his friend Philintus, we find that in his early youth he discovered his â€Å"natural genius for study†, and became â€Å"smitten with love for books†, so much so that he decided to renounce at once the fortune that father had bestowed on him as his eldest son, to his brothers and to dedicate himself entirely to learning. His passion and ambition to become a great logician soon brought him notoriety inside the circles of scholars, and he stood out as one of the most reputed teachers of his time. It is in the midst of his glory as a philosopher that the event that will change his life forever occurs: he sees Heloise, the niece of a certain Fulbert. She is belongs to a lower social class than he but she is equal in all else to him: she is literate and very learned, perhaps even surpassing him in depth of thought and feeling. All these were unique and very rare qualities in a medieval woman. Abelard concocts the perfect means of making her acquaintance, with a clear intention to conquer her and make her his mistress. He talks to the uncle, and after having offered him a sum of money, he obtains the latter’s assent to instruct his daughter as her teacher. Heloise, who has reason enough to admire him for his knowledge and brilliant mind, soon falls in love with him and becomes his lover, without the slightest resistance. It is here that their fascinating but tragic story actually begins. 3. Who was William of Champeaux? Discuss his influence in the life of Abelard. Why did Abelard achieve both acclaim and notoriety? Abelard has been, because of his originality of thought, in controversy with many of the philosophers of the age, among these, William of Champeaux, who began by being his teacher, but who was soon outwitted in the lectures he gave by his student. This naturally created animosity between the two, and it became even more founded when Abelard started teaching himself, and drew to his side most of the students that formerly had been instructed by Champeaux: â€Å"I put myself under the direction of one Champeaux, a professor who had acquired the character of the most skilful philosopher of his age, but by negative excellencies only as being the least ignorant! He received me with great demonstrations of kindness, but I was not so happy as to please him long; for I was too knowing in the subjects he discoursed upon, and I often confuted his notions. Frequently in our disputations I pushed a good argument so home that all his subtlety was not able to elude its force. It was impossible he should see himself surpassed by his scholar without resentment. It is sometimes dangerous to have too much merit. Envy increased against me in proportion to my reputation. † ( I) Abelard was many times an envied scholar, and later on, he was even accused of heresy for his ideas, by the enemies he always made in his circle. But, nevertheless, he became more and more notorious, because of the originality and novelty of his ideas, and especially because of his passion and ability for logic and argumentation. 4. How do Heloise and Abelard fall in love? What challenges must their relationship overcome? What were the consequences for both Abelard and Heloise? What is transcendent or universal about their love story? Together in the house of Heloise’s uncle, under the assumed masks of teacher and student, Heloise and Abelard begin their love story. As it becomes clear from Abelard’s own confessions in the letters to her, and from the imputations she brings on him, in her turn, the beginning of their of their affair was due more to his lust and incontinence rather than to his feelings for her: â€Å"Was it not the sole thought of pleasure which engaged you to me? And has not my tenderness, by leaving you nothing to wish for, extinguished your desires? Wretched Heloise! you could please when you wished to avoid it; you merited incense when you could remove to a distance the hand that offered it: but since your heart has been softened and has yielded, since you have devoted and sacrificed yourself, you are deserted and forgotten! † (II) Heloise however, seems to have given herself completely to her feelings to him, from beginning to end of their love story. After they remained together for the space of a few months, but their love was son discovered by Heloise’s uncle, who, enraged, demanded compensation from Abelard for his offense against the family honor. Abelard decides to marry Heloise, and when the latter becomes pregnant he sends her away to Britanny, to the care of his sister. The actual situation of the two lovers can not be fully comprehended without placing it in the Medieval context. Thus, it would perhaps seem natural to a modern reader that marriage be a solution for Abelard and Heloise, one that would confer legitimacy on their bond, both from the point of view of religion and from that of moral. However, this was not the case at all, for a few clear reasons. First of all, both Abelard and Heloise were both learned people, with such strict and high spiritual aspirations that they were incompatible with the idea of lay marriage. Abelard wanted for himself the kind of pure life that he admired in Saint Jerome or Seneca, and which would bring him the glory he longed for. For Heloise his glory would have been her glory too, so she was actually the one who withstood all she could the idea of marriage. In the strict sense of the world, according to the Medieval moral and religious laws, Abelard had the right to marry, without losing by this act the right to teach or his clerical dignity. The actual danger was that they, as all Medieval scholars, regarded marriage as a form of weakness and incontinence, that would inevitably and permanently drive a scholar away from his prayers and philosophical inquiries. Marriage was therefore considered degrading, and not a lot better than fornication for the ones who aspired to become theologians, because it had the same consequences – surrendering to sensual pleasures and forgetting one’s duty to God: â€Å"†If therefore laymen and pagans have lived thus, without the restrictions of a religious profession, how much the more is it your duty to do so, you who are a cleric and a canon, lest you should come to prefer shameful pleasures to the divine service, lest you cast yourself into the gulf of Charybdis and perish, lest you should destroy yourself in these obscenities to the mockery of the whole world. † (III) It is precisely in this conflict between their great passion and their aspiration for spiritual heroism, that the tragedy of Heloise and Abelard begins, even more so, when we consider that the spiritual ideals they tried to attain were not imposed on them from the outside, but were their own, and therefore as powerful as their love. It is this context that makes possible the famous and extraordinary statement of Heloise to Abelard, in which she declares that she would rather be his mistress or his prostitute than his wife: â€Å"You cannot but be entirely persuaded of this by the extreme unwillingness I showed to marry you, though I knew that the name of wife was honorable in the world and holy in religion; yet the name of your mistress had greater charms because it was freer. The bonds of matrimony, however honorable, still bear with them a necessary engagement and I was very unwilling to be necessitated to love always a man who would perhaps not always love me. † (II) As she herself declares it, Heloise believed in the disinteresedness of love, and considered, ahead of the time she lived in, that marriage does nothing to preserve the purity of love, but, on the contrary, makes it the slave of ambition or other advantages that are not love itself. Love is not to be confused with mere life or be put under the same necessities as the latter, as it would happen in a marriage, and this is seemingly what the story of Heloise and Abelard signified: a love that surpassed in intensity and nobility the limitations of simple life: â€Å"You have very justly observed in your letter that I esteemed those public engagements insipid which form alliances only to be dissolved by death, and which put life and love under the same unhappy necessity. (†¦ )With what ease did you compose verses! And yet those ingenious trifles, which were but a recreation to you, are still the entertainment and delight of persons of the best taste. The smallest song, the least sketch of anything you made for me, had a thousand beauties capable of making it last as long as there are lovers in the world. Thus those songs will be sung in honor of other women which you designed only for me, and those tender and natural expressions which spoke your love will help others to explain their passion with much more advantage than they themselves are capable of. † (IV) Heloise already takes pride in their love story as something universal that will be used as a ground for comparison for future couples who will be bound by so great a love. The two loved each other with such great ardor and nobility, that their love is pure in spite of their sin. In spite of Heloise’s noble attitude that can not consent either to the loss of glory by the man she loves or to the degrading of noble and free love by binding it to the hearse of marriage, the two eventually contract a â€Å"secret marriage†, a compromise imposed by Abelard, so as not to lose Heloise but at the same time, to maintain his respectfulness in public. Abelard sends his wife to the monastery of Argenteuil to avoid further rumors about their marriage, already dressing her in the nun habit, without knowing that she will wear it forever afterwards . The climax of these happenings comes with the barbaric act of revenge that Heloise’s uncle commits. He bribes the servants of Abelard and these allow for someone to enter the room of their master by night and castrate him. This terrible and symbolic revenge is perhaps what made the love story between Heloise and Abelard legendary. Afterwards, they both retire in convents, Heloise being the first to put on the veil, at Abelard’s command, who not being able to posses her anymore, shuts her up from the world in his jealousy, so that she might never belong to anyone else. This is perhaps the greatest and incontestable act of love and sacrifice she performs for him, surrendering herself completely, and renouncing the greatest thing for him: not the world, as he thought, but him, the man she loved. Their love becomes transcendental and universal through the very passion that fettered them when they were together, but which also manifested itself in their acts of renouncement.

Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word

Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word The automatic spellchecker  in Microsoft Word is far from perfect, but it can be useful for spotting mistakes in your written work. First, though, you’ll need to know how to change the language settings. This is vital because even regional variations of English can differ in spelling, which means the automatic spellchecker will miss mistakes if the wrong settings are used. Luckily, changing the language in Microsoft Word is a quick and simple process. Changing Language Settings There are two main ways to set the language of a new document in Microsoft Word. The first is to use the â€Å"Review† tab on the main ribbon: Go to the â€Å"Review† tab and find the â€Å"Language† section Click on â€Å"Language† and select â€Å"Set Proofing Language†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Choose the language required in your document from the new window and click â€Å"OK† The second option is possibly even simpler: Click on the language section of the blue bar at the bottom of your document (this will display the current language settings by default) In the new window, select your chosen language and click â€Å"OK† Either approach will ensure the spellchecker looks for spellings specific to your region. For American English, the correct option is â€Å"English (United States).† If you click â€Å"Set as Default,† the same settings will be applied to all new documents. Applying a New Language to Existing Text If you’re applying new language settings to an existing document rather than starting from scratch, you’ll need to select the text you want to modify first. You can do this by selecting the passages you want to check and using the steps outlined above to pick a new proofing language. This also allows you to use different language settings in different parts of the same document, if required. Alternatively, you can quickly select all of the text in a document using â€Å"Ctrl + A† (or â€Å"Cmd + A† on Mac computers), then apply a new language as described above. Comments, Headers and Footnotes For reasons beyond the comprehension of mortal minds, Microsoft treats the language options for comments, headers and footnotes as separate from the main text in your document. The last thing you need is sneaky British spellings in your footnotes! If you’re using any of these features, you’ll need to check that the language settings are consistent with the rest of your document. You can do this either by selecting the relevant text and using the process described above, or by following these steps: Go to â€Å"Styles† and right click the style you want to update (e.g., â€Å"Header†) In the dropdown menu, click â€Å"Modify†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to open a new window In this menu, click â€Å"Format† in the bottom left and select â€Å"Language† Pick the language required and click â€Å"OK† This will ensure consistency between different parts of the document in question, which is especially important if your paper includes extensive footnotes.

Macbeth Blood symbolism essays

Macbeth Blood symbolism essays Blood is without a doubt symbolic of sin throughout the entire play. It also provokes fearful suspense in the hearts of the characters and the readers. Macbeth and his wifes guilt were revealed through their immoral ambitions. He was haunted by his actions even before they occurred. I see thee still, and on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, which was not so before." (Macbeth II. i. 54-56). In Macbeth, there was enough bloodshed to overflow a pool with guilt and sin. In the beginning of the play blood is something of honor and bravery and symbolizes good and victory. The blood on Macbeth's sword after the war shows him to be a brave hero because of the enemy he killed. He is known as "Brave Macbeth" to everyone including King Duncan. His bravery earns him the title of Thane of Cawdor. The blood at the beginning of the play earns Macbeth respect and a title. Blood strongly represents guilt in Macbeth. After Macbeth slaughtered King Duncan in his sleep, he and Lady Macbeth were stricken with panic. They were incredibly flustered and nervous about strange noises they had heard. Not only was Macbeth frightened, he also felt an incredibly deep sense of guilt. He had just killed his King, his friend. With his own corrupted hands, he took life away from someone whom he had been loyal to. As they had seen me with these hangmans hands, listning their fear. I could not say Amen! (Macbeth II. ii. 40-41). At first, Lady Macbeth seems to be playing it real cool. Consider it not so deeply. (Lady II. ii. 43)/ These deeds must not be thought after these ways. So, it will make us mad. (Lady II. ii. 47-48). Lady noticed Macbeth still held the bloody dagger which had done the deed. She told him to go back into the chamber to smear the blood on the grooms in order to frame them. Macbeth is too shocked by the whole situation to return to the scene. ...

The Airplane is the Safest Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Airplane is the Safest Transport - Essay Example The media often emphasize that the occurrence of plane crashes is exceedingly infrequent. In fact, these statistics suggest that one is more likely to die driving to the airport than flying across the country (Curran 237). Airports are equipped with top-notch facilities to facilitate traffic control both at the airports while landing and in the sky during flight. Pilots have a multitude of assistance helping them from takeoff through landing with Control. Traffic control crews both at the departure point to the landing. These crews are in rotation around the clock 24 hours a day. Where they make use of radar procedures to track the planes in the sky, provide directions, authorization and the information about flight state of affairs. Pilots are not the only people in charge of safety in the air. However with road transport t, his is not the case, the driver has no one to help him or her in watching the road while he or she is driving. These drivers to multitask that required divided attention thus less focus. The pilots undergo rigorous training long before they get entrusted with the responsibility of flying a plane. The training takes more time to complete than a typical driving test does. A driving test requires one merely to demonstrate a mastery of steering, braking, signaling. Once the applicant shows a characteristic, he or she gets a driving license and considered fit to drive. Moreover, one must go to flight school to acquire a license. The training period enables pilots to enhance the ability of the pilot to gain some of the required experience (Curran 242). Customarily there are two pilots in any aircraft. In case anything is wrong with one pilot, the other one can typically take over. In addition, a crew onboard ensures all the passengers adhere to the rules of the aircraft to prevent any accidents.  

Consultancy Project for Novartis Saudi Arabia Dissertation

Consultancy Project for Novartis Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example Related Literature 11 Saudization and the Private Sector 12 Saudization and Novartis Pharma Services 13 Saudi Work Values & Unemployment in the Private Sector 14 Addressing the Challenges of Saudization in Private Companies 16 Pharmacy Education & Practice in Saudi Arabia 17 Pharmacists Working as Medical Representatives 19 Medical Representatives at Novartis Pharma Services 21 Human Resource Management (HRM) in Saudi Arabia 23 HRM and Saudization 24 HRM Strategies on Recruiting Employees 25 Recruitment Strategies of Companies in Saudi Arabia 29 Al-Jomaih Bottling Plants 30 General Electric (GE) Energy Manufacturing Technology Center 30 The Saudi British Bank (SABB) 32 Chapter 3 – Project Proposal 33 Client Background and Issue 33 Project Types 34 Project Outline 34 Methodology and Timeframe 36 Risks 37 Key Contacts 37 Chapter 4 – Analysis & Evaluation of Issues 38 Research Design and Method 38 Pilot Survey 39 Limitations of the study 40 Participants in the study 41 Gro up 1: Saudi Pharmacists in the Government Sector 41 Group 2: Saudi Pharmacists in the Private Sector 43 Group 3: Saudi Pharmacy Students 43 Survey Results and Discussion 43 Research Findings: Saudi Pharmacists in the Government Sector 43 Research Findings: Saudi Pharmacists in the Private Sector 50 Research Findings: Saudi Pharmacy Students 56 Chapter 5 – Findings and Conclusion 61 â€Å"Medical Representatives are Being Paid Less† 61 â€Å"Government Work is a Good Training Ground for Pharmacits† 62 â€Å"Medical Representative Work is a Tough and Stressful Job 62 â€Å"Medical Representative is a Low Status Work† 63 â€Å"The Job is Easier in the Government† 64 Positive Response from the Stakeholders in the Survey 64 Saudi Pharmacists in the Government Sector 64 Saudi Pharmacists in the Private Sector...For this consultancy project, the company’s product manager, Dr. Adel Alohali outlined the challenges that were faced by the company in t he midst of Saudization program by the government. In response to its need to attract more Saudi pharmacists, Novartis provides its medical representatives with generous salaries, bonuses, and other incentives that are comparable to the benefits given for government jobs where most of Saudi pharmacists work. For instance, the company provides new cars, which medical representatives can own after four years and also get a new one after that. However, as Dr. Alohali explained, the company’s Human Resource team is still finding out ways to effectively recruit Saudi pharmacists to work in the company. Currently, Novartis Pharma Services employ a total of 89 pharmacists; 86 of them from foreign countries and only 3 are Saudi nationals. If possible, the company plans to eventually replace its workforce with more Saudi pharmacists in the next few years to drive in more sales for the company. Moreover, some benefits of Saudization of medical representative jobs at Novartis were also discussed during the consultation. The company saw the need to employ Saudi nationals because, as part of their experience and culture, purchasing department in government hospitals and Saudi doctors prefer to deal with Saudi pharmacists than foreign workers. Novartis believes that by employing Saudi pharmacists, they will be able to increase their competitive advantage against other pharmaceutical firms.

Journals Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journals Paper - Essay Example This journal is all about the use of code of ethics and its importance in American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). According to Terry and Svara, the ASPA is facing several challenges and problems. ASPA has a mission that covers broader scope and it is much more varied in its membership. ASPA is a unique pan-generalist organization. This professional association seeks to connect its academic and practitioner members across the governmental levels, functional specializations and sectors. Woodrow Wilson proposed an active role for the public administration in order to shape the policy decisions. He offered important guidance for the ethical standard. The standard of ASPA as the professional association was affected due to the lack of code of ethics. It can be identified from the journal that, the gap was reduced and closed in the year 1984. ASPA followed several significant strategies to close the gap. The organization adopted code of ethics in order to close the gap. The code was received and approved in the year 1994. This code provides optimistic moral authority. It indicates the importance of the principles which it embodies. Section A of the code identifies the public interest. Section B of this code entitled respect to the law and constitution. Section C covers personal integrity1. Section D identifies the mission of the organizations. Lastly, Section E covers professional excellence. Donald C. Menzel, â€Å"Public Administration as a Profession† This specific article explores the values of public service that helps to define the public administration as the professional field of practice and study. Public service values and ethics comprise the soul and body of public administration. These approaches have both positive and negative aspects. The negative aspect is that there is limited agreement on what the values are beyond general exhortations. It is identified from the journal that the American Public Administration of 1880s, when various important events occurred. Another important event occurred in the year 1887. Woodrow Wilson’s essay â€Å"The Study of administration† sketched the picture of the skills and characters of kind people. According to the journal, the conscience of civil servant was a particular inner spirit of the Wilsonian idealization of governance and government. The civil servant honor was vested in the ability of Wilsonian. It helps to execute carefully the superior authorities’ orders. Certainly the twentieth century brought new significant ways of looking at the governance and government, both internationally and nationally. It also brought a significant transformation in the occupations’ professionalization. It helped in the growth of professional societies. An empirical study of spirituality in the organization’s workplace claimed that spirituality always exists. It is the responsibility of the management of the organization to recognize the spirituality. It should be incorporated into the workplace culture of the organization. The organization should believe in this spirituality in order to bring morality in organizational culture.2 James L. Perry, â€Å"Federalist No. 72: What happened to the Public Service idea† Federalist No. 72 is a particular oft-neglected defense of the reeligibility of president for election. This journal has concluded

Office Management Essay Example for Free

Office Management Essay According to Npower (Business Case Studies) Often these decisions are administrative in nature and can be implemented quickly and tend to carry a little risk and are smaller scale, but are never the less important choices that people have to make to fulfil their role. Strategic Decision Implementing that laptops are to be used by partners while out of the office would be a strategic decision. There are lots of problems with the partners being out of the office and with the use of laptops as communication tools this will provide a direct link between the office staff and the partners. I believe that this is a strategic decision as with the right planning and overseeing the development this could really be a step forward for Classic Interiors because work can be exchanged between partners and the office and messages can be passed on effectively meaning that there won’t be a build-up of work or office staff with no work and communication between everyone will be made a lot easier. Operational Decision Stipulating a lunch time for each staff member would be an organisational decision. The current system for lunch time is not convenient as the employees get to decide when they go as long as one of them is in the office. I believe this is an operational decision because if affects the day to day running of the organisation. If the administrators were set a lunch hour each they would have to stick to it and get used to working alongside the time set. Role of Office Manager Operational Planning Process As the office manager my role in establishing a new routine for lunch hour would be to organise a meeting to communicate the proposed changes with administrators and gain their views. Then I would create a plan to put forward to the administrators and partners. When a decision has been reached and the new plan is put into action I would have to oversee the progress of the plan gathering feedback at every opportunity. Issues There is increased frustration between partners and administrators due to the partners carrying out task they believe the administrators could be doing which would free up more time for the partners. The solution to this would be to for all administrators to be trained how to use the specialist interior design software, this would enable them to alleviate the work load from the partners and feel more involved in the design side of their work. This would likely be time consuming to train the administrators but the overall outcome would be beneficial to the company. The relationship between partners and the administrators is suffering due to the partners being out of the office as communication is often via short telephone messages and emails which has led to information being mis-communicated. The solution would be to introduce the use of PDA’s (Personal digital Assistants) for partners to be able to communicate with administrators. This would enable the administrators to contact the partners if a problem arises while carrying out work so that no mistakes are made and also they would be able to check their diaries to make appointments without the chance of double booking. Instant messaging could also help with communication as they are received instantly and can be replied to in seconds. Financial Planning and Budgetary Control Financial Planning According to Jim Priebe (ehow) A financial plan is like a blue print. It is a description of what you want to achieve and the tools you need to achieve it. Financial planning is the process of asking questions to ensure that you manage your risk against unexpected events. Managers need to be able to exercise control over the organisation that they manage to make sure that financial plans are being achieved both for the long term and the short term. Benefits of financial planning are: 1 Reducing the risk of a financial crisis. 2 Allows you to understand how each financial decision made affects other areas of finance. Barriers of financial planning are: 1 It can be time consuming 2 Can be costly as will involve accountants. Budgetary Control Budgetary control is precise control of an organisations operations through establishment of standards and targets concerning income and expenditure. Continuous monitoring is required to be effective. Benefits of budgetary control are: 1 Coordinates activities across departments. 2 Provides a record of organisational activities. Barriers of budgetary control are: 1 Budgets can demotivate staff. 2 May cause competition for resources. Effective Delegation Delegation is the distribution of tasks by the office manager. Giving responsibilities to employees to carry out the work but the work will remain liable to the office manager. When delegation is carried out properly very good results and high productivity can be achieved. The Process of Delegation Delegation can be very difficult. The process of delegation is: 1 Define the task 2 Select the Individual 3 Explain what must be achieved (clear instructions) 4 Discuss requirement to completion 5 Agree a deadline 6 Be there for support 7 Always give feedback Benefits Time management would be a benefit of delegation as this would allow partners to delegate work so that they have a more manageable work load. Delegating tasks will motivate staff and increase productivity. Barriers Forcing someone to do a task that they don’t want to or are not capable of would be a barrier, this can be seen in the case study when Izzy asked one of the administrators to just follow what had been done before. This lead to the administrator getting upset and Izzy feeling unable to approach anyone else. This could have been avoided by management setting out a procedure for staff to follow and allocating the task to someone suitable. Confusion about who is ultimately responsible for tasks is a barrier to effective delegation, this can be seen in the case study as partners are frustrated because they believe that administration is responsible for some of their tasks. This can be corrected by training administrators to make the delegation process easier. Leadership Models I think Tomi uses democratic leadership. As Tomi involves the staff in the decision making process of meeting times and encouraged staff to offer their opinions which made the administrators feel like what they said mattered. I believe Izzi uses Autocratic Leadership. When Izzi was in charge she would decide the times of meetings even when it was inconvenient to the others meaning work started to suffer which she then thought they could not manage and devised a new procedure which is hopeless but Izzi cannot see this. Staff find it difficult to communicate with her. Autocratic Leadership works where there is no need for input on the decisions and Democratic leadership works when a leader seeks help and guidance from staff to make decisions. Democratic leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it gives staff a voice and they are able to communicate better with management. Democratic leadership style encourages better cooperation and motivates staff because they feel well informed in everything that affects their work. Autocratic Leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it fails to motivate staff and they feel forced to do things managements way although It is not always the best way and staff become stressed being pushed. Autocratic leadership style encourages no communication between staff and management as management make all the decisions based on what they feel is best for the organisation. References Hamel, G. (2008) ‘What is strategic Decision Making’ http://smallbusiness. chron. com/strategic-decision-making-23782. html Npower. ‘Developing people through decision making’ http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/tactical-decisions. html Priebe, J. ‘What is the purpose of Financial Planning’ http://www. ehow. com/info_7755005_purpose-financial-plan. html

Employers and Employees rights :: Business and Management Studies

Employers and Employees rights INTRODUCTION: In this piece of course work I am going to describe, using examples from Shropshire county council, the rights of the employer and its employees. I am also going to explain using examples of how the they resolve the disagreements with its employees over rights of employment or working conditions. Then I am going to evaluate the extent to which Shropshire ensures that a good working relationship exist between the employers and employees. 1. Describe the employer and employee rights of the business you have investigated in detail and give examples. We as employers and employees at Shropshire county council are protected by numerous amount of laws Some of these laws are: Equal pay act 1963 This allows us as employees to get a fair share in pay. This act will enable us to take legal action against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of not getting the right amount of pay that should be permitted. Not only does this act helps us as employees it also helps our employers. The directors of Shropshire county council employ the employers that employ us, so they too are considered to be employees. Race relation act 1976 This act allows us both as employees and employers to be treated fairly. This act has to do with the discrimination against our race or religion. It enables us to take legal actions against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of unfair treatment of our race and religion. Pregnancy and Discrimination act This act is here for both the employees and employers if we are fired or discriminated because of being pregnant. This will allow us to get compensation. If fired this will also allow us to also get our job back at Shropshire. Health and Safety act This is there for both we the employees and our employers. Not only are we protected by this act we are also responsible for the health and safety for the other members of staff. E.g. in the computer rooms we must act responsible for not permitted to smoke in non-smoking areas, if done this could affect other members of staff. 2. State how the business resolves its disagreements with employees in connection with employment and working conditions. When disputes occur at Shropshire the management will try to follow the correct procedure. Wherever possible the issue is dealt with by managers within the council. There are clear procedures to follow, which will be carefully followed. E.g. if a member of staff was discriminated by one of his or her co-workers with proof the staff member could bring it to a union representative

Cougars Case

Investment Management Case 1 COUGARS TEAM8: Kun Mao Xiaobin Yang Ruoxi Cao Yang Qiao Jing Liu Riskless zero-coupon bond is the bond bought at a price lower than its face value, with the face value repaid at the time of maturity. The zero-coupon bond is riskless because the investors know exact money they will receive when the bond is maturity. The investors purchase the bond in a lower price and get more money. No coupon is paid before maturity. The investors do not need to pay interest.Besides, because zero-coupon bond is riskless, the bondholders are willing to hold it for long-term investment in order to diversity the portfolio. So it is important in the fixed income security market. If a bond trades at a discount, its yield to maturity will exceed its coupon rate. Zero coupon bonds always sells at a discount. The sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in interest rates is measured by the bond’s duration. A bond with high durations,its price is highly sensitive to interest rate changes.In other words, the prices of bonds with low durations are less sensitive to interest rate changes. That means interest rates of longer-term bonds are higher than shorter-term bonds’. The term structure of interest rates should be graphed as a curve line of zero-coupon bonds, in fact, it describe the relationship between matures and coupon date. Using the date provided in the case, we can construct the following three yield curves: a. COUGARs Strip Yield Curve This is the adjusted COUGARs strip yield curve that takes the discounted ate (8. 11%) into account. The adjustment is necessary because the prices provided in Exhibit 1 are prices for settlement on December 6, 1983, while Treasury quotes are 20 days before, which is the date of November 16, 1983. The discount factor is 1. 0045, which is calculated as 1+8. 11%*20/360. The yield curve has an obvious upward trend before Nov. 1987 and then the curve keeps flat. To highlight the upward trend, our team s et 8% as the minimum number of the vertical axis. b. Treasury Coupon Yield CurveTo build the treasury coupon yield curve, we select some bonds in the Exhibit2. We have eliminated those bonds with extremely low coupons and with multiple maturity designations. The treasury coupon yield curve also shows an upward trend before Nov. 1987. And then the curve stays flat as a whole and just fluctuates slightly. Also we set 8 as the minimum number of the vertical axis to highlight the trend of the yield curve. c. Implied Spot Yield Curve Because of the lack of data from May 1996 to Nov. 000, we can only build the implied spot yield curve from May 1984 to Nov. 1993. But the incomplete yield curve has successfully reflected the trend, moving upward and then keeping flat. According to the curves, we can observe that Strips yields show the yield of a separate zero-coupon security which is actually converted by coupon and principal payments of the Treasury bonds. Treasury coupon yield, which is t he yield curve based on the treasury quotes, is the stated interest rates of a bond. The rates in three curves should nearly be the same.It is obvious to see that these three curves have the same trend as a whole. All of them go upward before Nov. 1987 and then stay flat. Treasure bond price : (300000000*11. 875%/11. 89%)*[1-1/(1+11. 89%)^20]=267944276 The value of United States Treasure Bond A. G Becker bought is 267944276. Then A. G Becker separated coupons from the principal of coupon bonds then sold the coupons to investors, each of these investments then paid a single lump sum. We can calculate the value of coupon: 300000000*11,875%/2=17812500.The value of coupon in each payment period equals to the face value of each zero coupon bonds. Investors bought the zero coupon bond at a price lower than par value. The fund A. G Becker collected in 1984 equals to sum of zero coupon bonds’ price. The difference between value of treasure bond and capital raised by zero coupon bonds is the value created through COUGARS. Capital raised by zero coupon bonds: 11. 875%/2*300000000*15. 30606=272639193. So we can easily see that the value created by COUGARS is 272639193. 8-267944276=4694917. 8.