Journals Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journals Paper - Essay Example This journal is all about the use of code of ethics and its importance in American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). According to Terry and Svara, the ASPA is facing several challenges and problems. ASPA has a mission that covers broader scope and it is much more varied in its membership. ASPA is a unique pan-generalist organization. This professional association seeks to connect its academic and practitioner members across the governmental levels, functional specializations and sectors. Woodrow Wilson proposed an active role for the public administration in order to shape the policy decisions. He offered important guidance for the ethical standard. The standard of ASPA as the professional association was affected due to the lack of code of ethics. It can be identified from the journal that, the gap was reduced and closed in the year 1984. ASPA followed several significant strategies to close the gap. The organization adopted code of ethics in order to close the gap. The code was received and approved in the year 1994. This code provides optimistic moral authority. It indicates the importance of the principles which it embodies. Section A of the code identifies the public interest. Section B of this code entitled respect to the law and constitution. Section C covers personal integrity1. Section D identifies the mission of the organizations. Lastly, Section E covers professional excellence. Donald C. Menzel, â€Å"Public Administration as a Profession† This specific article explores the values of public service that helps to define the public administration as the professional field of practice and study. Public service values and ethics comprise the soul and body of public administration. These approaches have both positive and negative aspects. The negative aspect is that there is limited agreement on what the values are beyond general exhortations. It is identified from the journal that the American Public Administration of 1880s, when various important events occurred. Another important event occurred in the year 1887. Woodrow Wilson’s essay â€Å"The Study of administration† sketched the picture of the skills and characters of kind people. According to the journal, the conscience of civil servant was a particular inner spirit of the Wilsonian idealization of governance and government. The civil servant honor was vested in the ability of Wilsonian. It helps to execute carefully the superior authorities’ orders. Certainly the twentieth century brought new significant ways of looking at the governance and government, both internationally and nationally. It also brought a significant transformation in the occupations’ professionalization. It helped in the growth of professional societies. An empirical study of spirituality in the organization’s workplace claimed that spirituality always exists. It is the responsibility of the management of the organization to recognize the spirituality. It should be incorporated into the workplace culture of the organization. The organization should believe in this spirituality in order to bring morality in organizational culture.2 James L. Perry, â€Å"Federalist No. 72: What happened to the Public Service idea† Federalist No. 72 is a particular oft-neglected defense of the reeligibility of president for election. This journal has concluded

Office Management Essay Example for Free

Office Management Essay According to Npower (Business Case Studies) Often these decisions are administrative in nature and can be implemented quickly and tend to carry a little risk and are smaller scale, but are never the less important choices that people have to make to fulfil their role. Strategic Decision Implementing that laptops are to be used by partners while out of the office would be a strategic decision. There are lots of problems with the partners being out of the office and with the use of laptops as communication tools this will provide a direct link between the office staff and the partners. I believe that this is a strategic decision as with the right planning and overseeing the development this could really be a step forward for Classic Interiors because work can be exchanged between partners and the office and messages can be passed on effectively meaning that there won’t be a build-up of work or office staff with no work and communication between everyone will be made a lot easier. Operational Decision Stipulating a lunch time for each staff member would be an organisational decision. The current system for lunch time is not convenient as the employees get to decide when they go as long as one of them is in the office. I believe this is an operational decision because if affects the day to day running of the organisation. If the administrators were set a lunch hour each they would have to stick to it and get used to working alongside the time set. Role of Office Manager Operational Planning Process As the office manager my role in establishing a new routine for lunch hour would be to organise a meeting to communicate the proposed changes with administrators and gain their views. Then I would create a plan to put forward to the administrators and partners. When a decision has been reached and the new plan is put into action I would have to oversee the progress of the plan gathering feedback at every opportunity. Issues There is increased frustration between partners and administrators due to the partners carrying out task they believe the administrators could be doing which would free up more time for the partners. The solution to this would be to for all administrators to be trained how to use the specialist interior design software, this would enable them to alleviate the work load from the partners and feel more involved in the design side of their work. This would likely be time consuming to train the administrators but the overall outcome would be beneficial to the company. The relationship between partners and the administrators is suffering due to the partners being out of the office as communication is often via short telephone messages and emails which has led to information being mis-communicated. The solution would be to introduce the use of PDA’s (Personal digital Assistants) for partners to be able to communicate with administrators. This would enable the administrators to contact the partners if a problem arises while carrying out work so that no mistakes are made and also they would be able to check their diaries to make appointments without the chance of double booking. Instant messaging could also help with communication as they are received instantly and can be replied to in seconds. Financial Planning and Budgetary Control Financial Planning According to Jim Priebe (ehow) A financial plan is like a blue print. It is a description of what you want to achieve and the tools you need to achieve it. Financial planning is the process of asking questions to ensure that you manage your risk against unexpected events. Managers need to be able to exercise control over the organisation that they manage to make sure that financial plans are being achieved both for the long term and the short term. Benefits of financial planning are: 1 Reducing the risk of a financial crisis. 2 Allows you to understand how each financial decision made affects other areas of finance. Barriers of financial planning are: 1 It can be time consuming 2 Can be costly as will involve accountants. Budgetary Control Budgetary control is precise control of an organisations operations through establishment of standards and targets concerning income and expenditure. Continuous monitoring is required to be effective. Benefits of budgetary control are: 1 Coordinates activities across departments. 2 Provides a record of organisational activities. Barriers of budgetary control are: 1 Budgets can demotivate staff. 2 May cause competition for resources. Effective Delegation Delegation is the distribution of tasks by the office manager. Giving responsibilities to employees to carry out the work but the work will remain liable to the office manager. When delegation is carried out properly very good results and high productivity can be achieved. The Process of Delegation Delegation can be very difficult. The process of delegation is: 1 Define the task 2 Select the Individual 3 Explain what must be achieved (clear instructions) 4 Discuss requirement to completion 5 Agree a deadline 6 Be there for support 7 Always give feedback Benefits Time management would be a benefit of delegation as this would allow partners to delegate work so that they have a more manageable work load. Delegating tasks will motivate staff and increase productivity. Barriers Forcing someone to do a task that they don’t want to or are not capable of would be a barrier, this can be seen in the case study when Izzy asked one of the administrators to just follow what had been done before. This lead to the administrator getting upset and Izzy feeling unable to approach anyone else. This could have been avoided by management setting out a procedure for staff to follow and allocating the task to someone suitable. Confusion about who is ultimately responsible for tasks is a barrier to effective delegation, this can be seen in the case study as partners are frustrated because they believe that administration is responsible for some of their tasks. This can be corrected by training administrators to make the delegation process easier. Leadership Models I think Tomi uses democratic leadership. As Tomi involves the staff in the decision making process of meeting times and encouraged staff to offer their opinions which made the administrators feel like what they said mattered. I believe Izzi uses Autocratic Leadership. When Izzi was in charge she would decide the times of meetings even when it was inconvenient to the others meaning work started to suffer which she then thought they could not manage and devised a new procedure which is hopeless but Izzi cannot see this. Staff find it difficult to communicate with her. Autocratic Leadership works where there is no need for input on the decisions and Democratic leadership works when a leader seeks help and guidance from staff to make decisions. Democratic leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it gives staff a voice and they are able to communicate better with management. Democratic leadership style encourages better cooperation and motivates staff because they feel well informed in everything that affects their work. Autocratic Leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it fails to motivate staff and they feel forced to do things managements way although It is not always the best way and staff become stressed being pushed. Autocratic leadership style encourages no communication between staff and management as management make all the decisions based on what they feel is best for the organisation. References Hamel, G. (2008) ‘What is strategic Decision Making’ http://smallbusiness. chron. com/strategic-decision-making-23782. html Npower. ‘Developing people through decision making’ http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/tactical-decisions. html Priebe, J. ‘What is the purpose of Financial Planning’ http://www. ehow. com/info_7755005_purpose-financial-plan. html

Employers and Employees rights :: Business and Management Studies

Employers and Employees rights INTRODUCTION: In this piece of course work I am going to describe, using examples from Shropshire county council, the rights of the employer and its employees. I am also going to explain using examples of how the they resolve the disagreements with its employees over rights of employment or working conditions. Then I am going to evaluate the extent to which Shropshire ensures that a good working relationship exist between the employers and employees. 1. Describe the employer and employee rights of the business you have investigated in detail and give examples. We as employers and employees at Shropshire county council are protected by numerous amount of laws Some of these laws are: Equal pay act 1963 This allows us as employees to get a fair share in pay. This act will enable us to take legal action against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of not getting the right amount of pay that should be permitted. Not only does this act helps us as employees it also helps our employers. The directors of Shropshire county council employ the employers that employ us, so they too are considered to be employees. Race relation act 1976 This act allows us both as employees and employers to be treated fairly. This act has to do with the discrimination against our race or religion. It enables us to take legal actions against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of unfair treatment of our race and religion. Pregnancy and Discrimination act This act is here for both the employees and employers if we are fired or discriminated because of being pregnant. This will allow us to get compensation. If fired this will also allow us to also get our job back at Shropshire. Health and Safety act This is there for both we the employees and our employers. Not only are we protected by this act we are also responsible for the health and safety for the other members of staff. E.g. in the computer rooms we must act responsible for not permitted to smoke in non-smoking areas, if done this could affect other members of staff. 2. State how the business resolves its disagreements with employees in connection with employment and working conditions. When disputes occur at Shropshire the management will try to follow the correct procedure. Wherever possible the issue is dealt with by managers within the council. There are clear procedures to follow, which will be carefully followed. E.g. if a member of staff was discriminated by one of his or her co-workers with proof the staff member could bring it to a union representative

Cougars Case

Investment Management Case 1 COUGARS TEAM8: Kun Mao Xiaobin Yang Ruoxi Cao Yang Qiao Jing Liu Riskless zero-coupon bond is the bond bought at a price lower than its face value, with the face value repaid at the time of maturity. The zero-coupon bond is riskless because the investors know exact money they will receive when the bond is maturity. The investors purchase the bond in a lower price and get more money. No coupon is paid before maturity. The investors do not need to pay interest.Besides, because zero-coupon bond is riskless, the bondholders are willing to hold it for long-term investment in order to diversity the portfolio. So it is important in the fixed income security market. If a bond trades at a discount, its yield to maturity will exceed its coupon rate. Zero coupon bonds always sells at a discount. The sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in interest rates is measured by the bond’s duration. A bond with high durations,its price is highly sensitive to interest rate changes.In other words, the prices of bonds with low durations are less sensitive to interest rate changes. That means interest rates of longer-term bonds are higher than shorter-term bonds’. The term structure of interest rates should be graphed as a curve line of zero-coupon bonds, in fact, it describe the relationship between matures and coupon date. Using the date provided in the case, we can construct the following three yield curves: a. COUGARs Strip Yield Curve This is the adjusted COUGARs strip yield curve that takes the discounted ate (8. 11%) into account. The adjustment is necessary because the prices provided in Exhibit 1 are prices for settlement on December 6, 1983, while Treasury quotes are 20 days before, which is the date of November 16, 1983. The discount factor is 1. 0045, which is calculated as 1+8. 11%*20/360. The yield curve has an obvious upward trend before Nov. 1987 and then the curve keeps flat. To highlight the upward trend, our team s et 8% as the minimum number of the vertical axis. b. Treasury Coupon Yield CurveTo build the treasury coupon yield curve, we select some bonds in the Exhibit2. We have eliminated those bonds with extremely low coupons and with multiple maturity designations. The treasury coupon yield curve also shows an upward trend before Nov. 1987. And then the curve stays flat as a whole and just fluctuates slightly. Also we set 8 as the minimum number of the vertical axis to highlight the trend of the yield curve. c. Implied Spot Yield Curve Because of the lack of data from May 1996 to Nov. 000, we can only build the implied spot yield curve from May 1984 to Nov. 1993. But the incomplete yield curve has successfully reflected the trend, moving upward and then keeping flat. According to the curves, we can observe that Strips yields show the yield of a separate zero-coupon security which is actually converted by coupon and principal payments of the Treasury bonds. Treasury coupon yield, which is t he yield curve based on the treasury quotes, is the stated interest rates of a bond. The rates in three curves should nearly be the same.It is obvious to see that these three curves have the same trend as a whole. All of them go upward before Nov. 1987 and then stay flat. Treasure bond price : (300000000*11. 875%/11. 89%)*[1-1/(1+11. 89%)^20]=267944276 The value of United States Treasure Bond A. G Becker bought is 267944276. Then A. G Becker separated coupons from the principal of coupon bonds then sold the coupons to investors, each of these investments then paid a single lump sum. We can calculate the value of coupon: 300000000*11,875%/2=17812500.The value of coupon in each payment period equals to the face value of each zero coupon bonds. Investors bought the zero coupon bond at a price lower than par value. The fund A. G Becker collected in 1984 equals to sum of zero coupon bonds’ price. The difference between value of treasure bond and capital raised by zero coupon bonds is the value created through COUGARS. Capital raised by zero coupon bonds: 11. 875%/2*300000000*15. 30606=272639193. So we can easily see that the value created by COUGARS is 272639193. 8-267944276=4694917. 8.

How Homework can Help with Your Academic Success Essay

Homework is an important part of the academic curriculum and it also plays a major role in ensuring academic success for the students. Let us talk at length about how homework can help in bringing about academic success. Homework primarily helps in building five skills which assist in attaining academic success. Those skills are as follows: Organization: Being organised is an essential ingredient in the recipe of academic success. One has to be meticulous in planning a study routine to ensure that all topics of all subjects are paid equal attention. Also, enough time for practice should be baked in the routine. It is this aspect that homework helps with and gives enough opportunity to a student to practice his/her lessons, which then paves the way of gaining mastery over a topic or subject. In addition keeping track of one’s homework makes a student more organized. Time management: Optimum utilization of time is the key to success in the field of academics. Often at times, one feels flustered and overwhelmed with the vast study syllabus or curriculum. Therefore, dividing one’s time efficiently and as per one’s strength and weakness is a matter of great importance. Homework provides the student with an opportunity to manage time. While doing the homework of a subject which is one’s weak area, he is devoting more time to that subject, which will help him in understanding the concepts better, thereby saving the student’s time as he need not revisit this subject again and can spend the rest of his time in doing other activities or can devote to other subjects. In addition, learning to plan his work well in order to submit the assignment or homework on time will help him/her build time management skills. Prioritization: The skill of being able to prioritize one’s task does not only help with academic success, but is a skill which will come handy throughout your life. If a student is confronted with multiple assignments or homework in multiple subjects, he/she needs to prioritize it based on some factors like submission date, the complexity level of the work, his/her proficiency level with the subject etc. While doing so, they will learn to identify elements based on the urgency and importance levels. Concentration: Undivided attention and wholehearted commitment to one’s study time are per-requisites for academic success. While doing one’s homework with complete focus, a student has to ensure that he is cut off from any kinds of distractions or interruptions and should devote all his stamina and attention in completing the homework effectively. Such single minded focus on completing one’s homework helps a student build his concentration, which proves to be very useful while studying during the time of the assessments or exams. Motivation: A student has to believe in self and has to remain motivated all the time to be successful in academics. Self-confidence is of prime importance for academic success and it can be built and retained only if an individual is motivated to achieve success. If one does his/her homework successfully and wins accolades for the same back in school, then he/she will be motivated to do well consistently, as nothing attracts success more than success itself. To summarize, if homework is done with seriousness and sincerity, then it can prove to be a very useful tool in achieving academic success.

Quotes from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda

Quotes from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda Idi Amin was the president of Uganda between 25 Jan 1971 to 13 April 1979, and he is widely considered one of the most brutal leaders in the history of the world. He is estimated to have tortured, killed, or imprisoned somewhere between 100,000 and 500,000 of his opponents. According to a  Sunday Times of 27 July 2003 entitled A Clown Drenched in Brutality, Amin gave himself several titles throughout his reign, including His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji, Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. The Idi Amin quotes listed below were taken from books, newspapers, and magazines reporting on his speeches, interviews, and telegrams to other state officials. 1971–1974 I am not a politician but a professional soldier. I am, therefore, a man of few words and I have been brief through my professional career.Idi Amin, president of Uganda, from his first speech to the Ugandan nation in January 1971. Germany is the place where when Hitler was the prime minister and supreme commander, he burned over six million Jews. This is because Hitler and all German people knew that Israelis are not people who are working in the interest of the world and that is why they burned the Israelis alive with gas in the soil of Germany.Idi Amin, president of Uganda, part of a telegram sent to Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary-General, and Golda Meir, Israeli premier, on 12 Sept 1972. I am the hero of Africa.Idi Amin, president of Uganda, as quoted in Newsweek 12 March 1973. While wishing you a speedy recovery from the Watergate affair, may I, Excellency, assure you of my highest respect and regard.President Idi Amin of Uganda, message to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, on July 4, 1973, as reported in The New York Times, 6 July 1973. 1975–1979 Sometimes people mistake the way I talk for what I am thinking. I never had any formal education- not even nursery school certificate. But, sometimes I know more than Ph.D.s because as a military man I know how to act, I am a man of action.Idi Amin as quoted in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. I do not want to be controlled by any superpower. I myself consider myself the most powerful figure in the world, and that is why I do not let any superpower control me.Idi Amin, president of Uganda, as quoted in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. Like the Prophet Mohammed, who sacrificed his life and his property for the good of Islam, I am ready to die for my country.From Radio Uganda and attributed to Idi Amin in 1979, as reported in Amin, Living by the Gun, Under the Gun,   The New York Times, 25 March 1979.

How to Melt Gallium Metal in Your Hand

How to Melt Gallium Metal in Your Hand Gallium is an unusual metal. It does not occur as a pure element in nature, but can be purchased in pure form to be used for some truly amazing science demonstrations. One of the most popular gallium demonstrations is melting gallium in the palm of your hand. Heres how to do the demonstration safely and the explanation for how it works. Melted Gallium Materials pure gallium  plastic gloves (optional) You can buy a chunk of pure gallium for around $20 online. Its safe to use your bare hand for this experiment, but gallium has two properties that may make you wish to wear a pair of disposable gloves. First, gallium metal wets both glass and skin. What this means is the melted metal will leave finely divided gallium particles on your skin, giving it a grayish cast. Its not super-easy to wash off, so you might want to avoid the issue. The other consideration is that gallium attacks other metals. So, if you usually wear a ring, you may want to wear gloves just to make certain no gallium or leftover metal is available to discolor your jewelry. How To Melt Gallium What could be easier? Simply place the piece of gallium in the palm of your hand and let the warmth of your body heat do the work! The melting point of gallium is  29.76 C  (85.57 F), so it will readily melt in your hand or in a very warm room. Expect this to take around 3-5 minutes for a coin-sized piece of metal. When you are done examining the gallium, tilt your hand to allow the metal to flow into a non-metal container. If the container is also warm, the slow cooling will allow you to watch gallium form metal crystals. You can supercool gallium, which is holding it as a liquid above its freezing point. Do this by pouring the liquid gallium into a warm container and keeping it free of vibrations. When you are ready to crystallize the metal, you can jar the container, touch the sample, or seed crystallization by adding a small piece of solid gallium. The metal exhibits an orthorhombic crystal structure. Points To Keep in Mind Gallium may temporarily discolor your skin. This is because it wets skin. Keep in mind this means youll lose a tiny bit of your sample every time you do the demonstration.Some people have reported mild dermatitis (redness, itching, inflammation) from long-term gallium exposure to skin. Basically, this means you should wash your hands after the conclusion of the demonstration.Gallium is not toxic. It is used in pharmaceuticals, so you could probably swallow it and be okay, but its not recommended, plus it would be an expensive snack.Gallium attacks other metals, so do not let it come into contact with jewelry or store it in metal containers.Gallium expands as it cools, so it usually kept in a plastic bag or flexible container rather than glass to avoid any possibility of expansion shattering the container. Also, gallium wets glass, so storing in plastic helps minimize sample loss. Other Elements That Would Melt in Your Hand Gallium is not the only metal that melts into a liquid near room temperature or body temperature. Francium, cesium, and rubidium also would melt in the palm of your hand. However, you seriously dont want to attempt this demonstration with any of them! Francium and cesium are radioactive. Cesium and rubidium react vigorously with water, which basically means they could set your hand on fire. Stick with gallium. Learn More About Gallium If you have gallium to melt in your hand, you may also wish to try the melting spoon trick. In this science magic trick, you either melt a gallium spoon with what appears to be the power of your mind or else you make it seem to disappear in a glass of hot water. Gallium is an interesting metalloid, so you may wish to learn more about the element.

Carbonyl Definition in Chemistry

Carbonyl Definition in Chemistry Organic chemistry contains names for many different molecules and groups of molecules that participate in chemical reactions. These groups of molecules are called functional groups. The carbonyl group is an important group that contains the element carbon. Carbonyl Definition The term carbonyl refers to the carbonyl functional group which is a divalent group consisting of a carbon atom with a double-bond to oxygen, CO. Carbonyl also may refer to a compound formed by a metal with carbon monoxide  (CO).  Bivalent radical CO is found in ketones, acids, and aldehydes. Many of the molecules involved in the senses of smell and taste involve aromatic compounds with carbonyl groups. The CO entity is the carbonyl group, while a molecule that contains the group is called a carbonyl compound. Also Known As: carbonyl group, carbonyl functional group Carbonyl Example The metal compound nickel carbonate, Ni(CO)4, contains the CO carbonyl group. Source Wade, Jr., L.G. (2002). Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-033832-X

Local Lawsuit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local Lawsuit - Essay Example Company’s prosperity has significantly been contributed by acquisitions between the company and smaller manufacturing companies in the same field. The company has also embarked on cutting all its operational cost by shifting its production off the United States. For instance, in 2004 the company announced a plan to move 350 jobs from Tennessee to Mexico. In 1998, Black & Decker Corporation was involved in a lawsuit with the Internal Revenue Service regarding allegations by the company to be refunded 57 million dollars from its earlier tax payments. The company had purchased 10,000 shares for 561 million dollars and later sold them at the price of 1 million, making a loss of 560 million dollars. The company therefore wanted a refund equivalent to the loss incurred. In addition, the company argued that the money should be refunded since the tax shelter it had implemented was valid. Tax shelter in this case is lawful technique of minimizing taxable income of a company depending o n local and universal tax laws. On the other hand, the Internal Revenue Service argued that the company strategy of tax shelter was abusive. Black & Decker Corporation had created a Black & Decker Healthcare Management Inc. and then transferred to it 561 million dollars in exchange for stock shares of 10,000. ... Although the company had a contingent liability and tax protection, it was difficult to estimate the exact cost on health insurance. This was because of uncertainty on how many employees would be ill at a go. However, there a number of risk management strategies Black & Decker Corporation management could have implemented to avoid the lawsuit. The first one is that the company can opt to reinsure since by doing so the company would have transferred the risk to other entities. This will enable it to handle risks beyond its capability. The second one is using technological facilities that can work in place of a number of employees. Therefore, the company will not have so many employees to insure as well as reducing its operational cost. Finally, the company should execute a cost reduction program that does not involve tax shelter. This will help the company avoid legal conflicts with the federal taxing body as well as the occurrence of lawsuits. In case a business is involved in transa ctions that has no economical value, but help reduce or avoid tax on returns, such practice is regarded to be unethical. In this case, Black & Decker Corporation main aim is to avoid the risk of paying health claims to its current and retired employees. Instead, the company transferred that risk to Black & Decker Healthcare Management Inc. one of its subsidiaries. Black & Decker Corporation also wanted to evade taxation on 303 million dollars gain it had made by selling some of its businesses by faking a loss (Browning, 2004). This therefore shows that Black & Decker Corporation was motivated by the tax benefits, and the loss was just a strategy to evade taxation. Use of such discriminative strategy where a business puts its

Security - Network Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13500 words

Security - Network Design - Essay Example Literature Review reveals that there is more to security than just putting up defences. It also relates to the psychology of security that adds to the threat instead of obviating it. Technologically security measures and intrusion capabilities are advancing alongside each other and the race is yet to be decided. Hence it is imperative to tackle this issue more seriously an in a practical way. A case study has been examined to highlight the most common threat of stealing of data for misuse. The findings show that human carelessness and not giving priority to security measures coupled with psychological factors of not being open and forthright mix to result in huge losses. Business across the world is embracing Information Technology for collecting and dissemination information. This requires Networks to connect various information centres for transfer of this information. The increase in connectivity provides access to larger and varied resources of data more quickly than ever before, and it also provides an access path to the data from virtually anywhere on the network-based environment (Seleznyov, 2001). The Network is usually on Local Area Network (LAN) which is an arrangement of communication between hardware, software and communication devices in a closed area. Generally LAN’s connecting devices are located within a 2,000-foot radius for maximum effect. LAN’s generally have higher transmission rate than PBXs and use bus or ring topology. The Network itself may be spread worldwide like the World Wide Web. This arrangement makes it possible for the data (text, voices and graphics images, and more recently video clips) to flow between different types of hardware such as mainframes, PCs, terminals and input/output devices through use of various software. Since a LAN is spread over a defined work space, however large it may be, it is secured by various means against any external intrusions like viruses and malware. Of course no LAN can be

Hiring Women as a Basketball Coach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Hiring Women as a Basketball Coach - Assignment Example Therefore, if the best candidate is a man, the coaching position will be filled by a man and if the best candidate is a woman, the women basketball coaching position will be filled by a woman. However, when a man and a woman have the same skills, experience and are the most qualified candidates for the coaching position, a woman will be chosen. This will be aimed at ensuring a minority is hired and to ensure finesse and skill is maintained, as is the case in a women team. I will only make the decision to hire a woman if they have better skill than men do and I would rather hire a man than hire a woman who has fewer skills. The decision to hire the best person whether he is a woman or a man may be politically incorrect but hiring a second-best woman will be a disservice to the women basketball team. The position of women’s basketball coach will, therefore, be open to anyone who provest have more skill, ability, and experience to give the best and ensure the skills of the girls are improved and that they are able to compete at the highest level and win trophies for Awesome University. I have all intention to ensure that the salary and other compensation packages of a coach hired to train the women basketball team are equal. The intention is to ensure that the coach hired to train the women’s basketball team is that the person hired has the same skill, responsibility, and effort as that of the men’s basketball team (Morris, April 27, 2008). With this similarity in the performance and skills, it would be unethical to pay the person less amount to that of the male basketball counterpart. Therefore, the intention is to pay a similar amount to the person selected to train the women basketball team with the consideration of similarity in skills, responsibility, and performance. The other reason for the pay to equal that of the male counterparts is to ensure compliance with Equality Pay Act where there is a requirement for payment of employees the same amount regardless of gender when they perform at the same level, take the same responsibilities, use the s ame skills, and performance at similar conditions.  Ã‚  

Should China adopt a flexible exchange rate regime Essay

Should China adopt a flexible exchange rate regime - Essay Example United States of America is one of the key trading partners with China. However, there has been controversy surrounding China and its trading partners. China is blamed for not opening fully its vast domestic market to other foreign trading partners through its currency devaluation, fixed exchange rate regime and tighter import regulations. China has to make painful decisions on whether to allow its currency to appreciate or not. In addition, it has to choose from maintaining its fixed currency exchange rate regime or adopting a flexible exchange range regime. By studying its economy and listening to the concerns of its trading partners, China will be in a position to make decisions that best suit its interest as well as those of its trading partners. If China chooses maintain a devalued RMB, it will generate more wealth at the expense of its trading partners. Why China chooses to keep its currency artificially low compared to it trading partners. There are many reasons why China woul d wish to maintain artificially low currency as compared with those of its trading partners, especially against the dollar of the United States of America. According to James (2010) China wishes to maintain artificially low RMB exchange rate to other currencies of major trading partners in its interest. Federal Reserve (1999) revealed that a country devalues her own currency when it does not have sufficient foreign reserves or unwilling to spend foreign exchange reserves to maintain its exchange rate to foreign currencies. China is among the richest countries with high level of foreign exchange reserves in the world. However, it seems China has different ambitions and is unwilling to spend its foreign exchange reserves to keep RMB at a rate appropriate against the dollar. There are many genuine and valid reasons, which make China keep its currency artificially low. The first reason why china wants to maintain its devalued currency is because it wishes to maintain high levels of expo rts. By keeping its currency low, China is able to make its currency cheaper in relation to other major currencies. As a result, it makes its products and services cheaper to customers (consumers) in foreign countries. This will ensure that China continues to exports a lot of goods and services to other countries. China’s currency devaluation approach is consistent with foreign exchange theory that stipulates that that the lower the currency in relation with those of other trading partners, the lower the prices of exports hence a country will be able to export more. Higher exports as compared to imports will enable China to generate trade surpluses and build even more reserves of foreign currencies. The second reason why china wants to keep its currency low is to discourage its domestic consumers from purchasing imported goods and services. China’s artificially low currency will make foreign goods and services more expensive as compared to similar goods and services pr oduced in China. Devaluated currency discourages imports and China will be able to control quantity and value of imports entering its borders. When a country increases consumption of domestic goods and services, it keeps its factories running (Saccomanni, 2008). Therefore, the country is able to maintain its employment levels and even increase employment rates with increase in domestic consumption. Furthermore, by reducing the number of imports, China will be abl

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Essay

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Good Quote by Anne Frank - Essay Example The Holocaust, which claimed the writer’s life, involved the killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent Jews. The author believed that the evil would soon end, and peace would prevail. She had the belief that the people who were undertaking the massacre would come to their mind and realize the harm that they cause, realizing the good that is still in their hearts. The quote means that people have two sides, the good and the bad, and no matter how the evil side is, the good side can still be portrayed. I disagree with this quote. People do certainly have good sides, but they do not apply to everybody that they interact with. For this quote to be applicable to all humans, people would be considering the implications of their actions on others before undertaking these activities. In the worst scenario, if all humans had some good on them, they would see how other people are suffering and have empathy for them. The mere assumption that humans are capable of changing does not mean that everybody can. Some people are stuck in beliefs that good will happen to them if they commit heinous actions. There are occurrences that prove not all humans have good in them. One critical phenomenon is the historical Johnstown massacre in the US 1978 which claimed the lives of over 900 people (The Guardian, n.p). The cult leader Jim Jones forced his followed to drink poisoned juice. Those who declined were injected with the poisoned or shot dead (The Guardian, n.p). Another issue that proves not all humans have good in them is the presence of terrorist organizations such as ISIS. The ISIS members behead people and kill people in painful and horrible ways. If these people had any slight good in them, these atrocities would not be happening. Â  

The Bill in Legislation Requiring BSN within 10 Years of Graduating Assignment

The Bill in Legislation Requiring BSN within 10 Years of Graduating - Assignment Example Majority of New Jersey State Nurses Association (NJSNA) members have voted to support this legislation at the March 31, 2006 meeting. In 1999, Harris Poll conducted a nationwide survey wherein the results indicated that 76 percent of the public think that nurses should have at least four years of undergraduate education for sufficient preparation. In 1978, the American Nurses Association (ANA) House of Delegates recommended that by 1985, the preparation for entry into professional practice would be a baccalaureate degree. This was seconded by their 1965 position paper that was inspired by the Comprehensive Nurse Training Act in 1964. This motivated reviews on nursing responsibilities, practice, and education. There are many reasons why different groups are pushing for the educational advancement of registered nurses. One major purpose is to promote professional behaviors. It is believed that this may promote a higher level of understanding the complexity of healthcare resources signi ficant in caring for patients. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, a study conducted by Linda Aiken and her colleagues concluded, â€Å"In hospitals with higher proportions of nurses educated at the baccalaureate level or higher, surgical patients experienced lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rate† (2003). ... Sufficient academic preparation helps nurses to be equitable with other fields in healthcare. In addition, proper education boosts evidence based practice which is handier in the nursing profession. This significance will then give way to professional collaboration. Schools will have more opportunities to partner with relevant industries. As a result, this bill will increase the qualification of faculty members. Those with bachelor’s degrees are expected to advance their schooling by pursuing master’s programs. As the requirement for students become more compelling, faculty standards have to be cultivated. These educational changes, ultimately seek for the enhancement of the nursing practice. This approach maintains its respect for all educational entries while addressing the evolving competencies required. For those with associate degrees, they may continue practicing while furthering their nursing education. For instance, a registered nurse with an associate degree ma y continue to work while finishing his bachelor’s degree. Currently, there are more schools working with other institutions to deliver innovative and flexible means. Hospitals and other kinds of healthcare facilities can also advance themselves with the promulgation of this bill. With more staff having distinguished education, an institution makes its chances higher to be accredited by the Magnet Recognition Program which is being supervised by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). Health care facilities that receive this recognition pride themselves with outstanding patient care and nursing services. Sponsors The bill is being sponsored by Senator Stavisky and Assembly Member Morelle. These two legislators share common ground regarding their experience and emphasis on

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Essay

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Good Quote by Anne Frank - Essay Example The Holocaust, which claimed the writer’s life, involved the killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent Jews. The author believed that the evil would soon end, and peace would prevail. She had the belief that the people who were undertaking the massacre would come to their mind and realize the harm that they cause, realizing the good that is still in their hearts. The quote means that people have two sides, the good and the bad, and no matter how the evil side is, the good side can still be portrayed. I disagree with this quote. People do certainly have good sides, but they do not apply to everybody that they interact with. For this quote to be applicable to all humans, people would be considering the implications of their actions on others before undertaking these activities. In the worst scenario, if all humans had some good on them, they would see how other people are suffering and have empathy for them. The mere assumption that humans are capable of changing does not mean that everybody can. Some people are stuck in beliefs that good will happen to them if they commit heinous actions. There are occurrences that prove not all humans have good in them. One critical phenomenon is the historical Johnstown massacre in the US 1978 which claimed the lives of over 900 people (The Guardian, n.p). The cult leader Jim Jones forced his followed to drink poisoned juice. Those who declined were injected with the poisoned or shot dead (The Guardian, n.p). Another issue that proves not all humans have good in them is the presence of terrorist organizations such as ISIS. The ISIS members behead people and kill people in painful and horrible ways. If these people had any slight good in them, these atrocities would not be happening. Â  

Women Role in Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women Role in Society - Research Paper Example Yet, in a modern and civilized society, equally they should be treated. One way to determine how women are being treated in our society today is to examine their roles. We want to look at issues such as domestic violence, negative and positive expectations thrust upon women, and whether or not males demonstrate superiority over women. We will do this briefly by examining and analyzing two stories. One is a book by Chinua Achebe titled ‘Things Fall Apart’, while the other is an essay by Maxine Hong Kingston titled ‘No Name Women’. Things Fall Apart This novel is quite interesting as it focuses on the tribal culture in Nigeria. We see the main character, Okonkwo, as being quite violent, all the while also having an ambitious outlook in life. Through the book, we see him as being a person who espouses masculinity. He exerts his manliness time and time again and certainly believes he is superior to women. At one point he brutally beats his wife in order to prove a point. This seems to communicate that domestic abuse is ripe is the cultural setting of this book. The author seems to be drawing awareness to the notion that the role of women in some cultures is one of subservience to the male. In this particular story, the reader witness’s masculinity being demonstrated in society by the beating and emotional distress women suffer at the hands of the men in the tribe. The role of women in this novel is perhaps best portrayed by one of the minor characters, Ezinma. Being the daughter of Oknonkwo, it is interesting to learn more about their relationship. The father quite often expresses his wish that Ezinma would have been born a girl, yet we get the picture that deep down inside he is quite proud of her. Perhaps she is even his favorite daughter. It is one of the only glimpses we have, however, of him really endearing himself to women, either inside or outside of his family. Ezinma does not buy into the notion that role of a women is sim ply to be submissive to the man. She becomes quite bold in the story and often contradicts the wishes of her own father. We get the picture that she could grow up to be a social advocate for woman’s causes. In the end, she supports her father and helps him out politically, but we get the idea that she wants much more and that her father will eventually allow her to adopt a different role. There have been numerous beautiful females like Ezinma over the years that have gradually reshaped the way society view women. Over time, they have redefined the way men are expected to behave towards women in a civilized and cultured society. The author appears to be hinting at that in this book. This student looked a bit further into the life of the author, Chinua Achebe, to discover that his ambition was to rewrite the perception of the West towards Africa. He felt that the continent was unjustly being targeted as uncivilized in many respect, particularly in its treatment of women and the poor. To get his point across, he wrote sensationalized novels, such as ‘Things Fall Apart’ in order to express that Africa is truly a misunderstood culture. Sure, it is different than the West and many practices are antiquated, but times are changing. No Name Woman No Name Woman is just one chapter of a larger novel that takes place in China. This one chapter alone is frequently used to analyze the role women in Asia, particular in Chinese society. We learn in this brief account that women who gave into sexual temptation were treated like the character in the Scarlet Letter – they were shunned by society. The main character’s aunt, for example, had to flea her village when it was

ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Example for Free

ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Effectiveness of Internal Auditing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less studied and reported in the literature. The study is focused in examining the relationship between the employees’ attitude and perception and the internal Audit’s effectiveness in delivering on their roles in a rapidly evolving environment and public’s awareness of their roles. The main aim of this research study is to better understand  and measure the effect of employee’s attitude and perception on the effectiveness of internal audit in public institutions, with National Social Security Fund as a case study. A survey of sampled 425 employees will be undertaken and the results of the quantitative and qualitative survey findings will be reported. The research is designed to be conducted using both quantitative and qualitative approaches by use of literature review, survey, and case study. Data will be collected from the chosen sample through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as well as review of available documents and records targeting members of the Internal Audit. Data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 11.0 tool, which is a computer based automated statistical tool and conclusions drawn; from the findings of the study, recommendations will be made which will help institutions to determine paradigm shift in attitude and perceptions by employees necessary to keep the internal audit as an effective critical function relevant in the future for robust public sector financial management and governance to assist organizations achieve their goals. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study. Traditionally, internal auditing in the public sector served as a simple administrative procedure to ensure compliance and it comprised mainly of checking for accuracy of transactions, pre-payment verification and control, counting assets and reporting on past events to various levels of management. However, combinations of factors in the social-political and economic discourse globally have led to greater citizen awareness and participation in the public sector governance. As a result, public institutions are moving towards higher levels of transparency, efficiency, accountability and integrity in the use of public resources. Consequently, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, 1999a) redefined internal auditing as: †¦. an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by  bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. This definition signifies that internal audit has undergone a paradigm shift from an emphasis on accountability about the past to improving future outcomes to help auditees operate more effectively and efficiently (Nagy and Cenker, 2002; Stern, 1994; Goodwin, 2004). Since, the definition equally serves both the private and the public sectors (Goodwin, 2004), it is used in this study as a basis to analyze public sector internal audit effectiveness. Internal audit is effective if it meets the intended outcome it is supposed to bring about. Sawyer (1995) states, â€Å"†¦ internal auditors job is not done until defects are corrected and remain corrected.† Van Gansberghe (2005) explains that internal audit effectiveness in the public sector should be evaluated by the extent to which it contributes to the demonstration of effective and efficient service delivery, as this drives the demand for improved internal audit services. Traditionally, ineffectiveness of internal audit has been as a result of understaffing, unqualified and nonprofessional staff and underfunding. Despite invigorated internal audit function with sufficient well trained, qualified and professional staff topped up with adequate funding in the public sector institutions such as National Social Security Fund (NSSF), and being charged with responsibilities of advising management on issues of policy and compliance, accountability, financial reporting, safeguarding of assets, risk management, prevention of fraud and on economic and efficient use of resources (PFA, 2003): there are continued incidences of budget deficits, unpaid utilities, unremitted pensions, unproductive investments, irregular payments, unaccounted for funds, loss of pension cash, non compliance with policies and procedures and general mismanagement of funds. A report by the Auditor General tabled in Parliament in June, 2013 indicated savers could have lost billions of shill ings in dubious transactions and shady land deals (SNP, June 6, 2013). There is urgent need to identify critical success factors to enable the internal audit to perform effectively the roles for which it is intended in the public sector financial management and governance. 1.1Statement of the Problem Public sector institutions have functional well funded internal audit departments with well qualified and professional staff whose role is to provide the management with re-assurance that internal controls systems are adequate and that they are complied with, that risk exposures are identified and addressed, and that fraud is quickly identified and inherently deterred. However, internal auditors have continued to be ineffective as envisaged by continued incidences of fraud and corruption, abuse of authority and outright financial mismanagement of massive scale due to perception and attitude issues towards their work. This precipitates the increased risk of financial failure of the institutions, poor and compromised service delivery, public agitation and political disaffection towards the government of the day. Little has been researched on the effect of employee’s perception and attitude on the effectiveness of internal auditors. This study therefore is meant to bridge that ga p by finding out to what extent the employee’s perception and attitude is attributed to ineffectiveness of the internal auditors thus affecting the delivery of assurance services `central to organization achieving its objectives. 1.2Purpose of the Research To determine paradigm shift in employee’s perception and attitude necessary to keep the internal audit as an effective and critical function relevant in the future for robust public sector financial management and governance. 1.3Objectives of the Research The research will be guided by the following objectives: 1. To determine the effect of perception and attitudes on the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector financial management and governance. 2. To identify value addition services required to enhance relevance and effectiveness of the internal audit function in the public sector. 3. To identify the measures that would enhance or maintain better perception and more positive attitude by employees towards internal auditors. 1.4Research Questions The research questions of this study shall be: 1. How does employee’s perception and attitudes towards internal auditors affect internal audit effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance? 2. Which value addition services are required to enhance relevance and effectiveness of the internal auditors and in effect ensuring they are perceived well? 3. What steps can be taken to ensure the employees continually maintain a positive perception towards the internal auditors so as to achieve organizational goals? 1.5Significance of the Study This study seeks to generate useful insights on how managing employee’s attitude and perception affects internal auditor’s effectiveness which then can be used by the government and public institutions. This promotes effectiveness in the role of internal audit functions in the public sector financial management and governance by addressing the employee’s attitude and perception. It can also be used by researchers for further research as this is a new area to be studied. 1.6 Basic assumptions of the study It is assumed that the respondents would be co-operative and provide accurate information when responding to the research questions. It is also assumed that the sample size to be chosen will be adequate to enable the researcher draw valid conclusions about the population. 1.7Limitations of the study Time constraint is a limiting factor because the study has to be concluded within a short time. Availability of funds is also a limiting factor to the study since the researcher is self sponsored. There is also no assurance that the respondents would return all the questionnaires duly completed, neither is there a guarantee that the subjects would respond to all the questions put forward to them comprehensively. The answers of some respondents may not be representative of the whole population. The condition of the subjects may affect their responses as emotions may be involved thus affecting their accuracy in responding. 1.8Delimitation of the study The study shall be restricted to three Branches of National Social Security Fund, within Rift Valley region. The study shall focus on how effectiveness of internal audit functions in public sector financial management and governance are affected by employee’s perceptions and attitudes. Public sector may be defined to include the Central Government, the courts, the National Assembly, the Senate, Constitutional Commissions, County Governments and institutions and bodies formed under an Act of Parliament. For precision and focus, the purpose of this study shall be restricted to public sector institutions formed under an Act of Parliament and case study is NSSF. Literatures on other independent variables are not to be studied as this research is to be narrowed down to employee’s perceptions and attitudes only. Due to time constraints and the budget, population to be studied is only narrowed down to NSSF staff which is convenient to the researcher within the province. On the methodology to be used, Telephone interviews wouldn’t be applied as it is unreliable, the employees may not cooperate, and is expensive than a candid face to face interview where all staff may be met in the same place as per their convenience. 1.9Organization of the study Chapter one provides a background on internal audit effectiveness, statement of the problem, purpose and objectives of the research, research questions that the study looks forward to answering, significance of the study, basic assumptions of the study, limitations to the study and delimitations of the study. Chapter Two outlines the various schools of thought on what constitutes internal audit effectiveness and factors affecting it, as expounded in various literatures available. Chapter three outlines the research design and methodology used for purposes of completing the study. It also describes in details research design, target population, sample, sampling procedure and data collection instruments. Chapter four will contain data analysis, presentation and interpretation while chapter five shall provide a summary of findings, discussion, conclusions and recommendations. This is followed by references and appendices sections. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter is will cover critical review of literature by other scholars and writers in relation to and the implication of employee perception and attitude on internal audit function and its effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance. 2.1 Internal Audit Function Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations (IIA, 2002). It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes (Collier, etal, 1991). With this description forming a foundation, the essential characteristics of an effective internal audit function can be framed. According to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, (1999), internal audit is an important part of the corporate governance structure within an organization. Corporate governance includes those oversight activities undertaken by the board of directors and audit committee to ensure the integrity of the financial reporting process. Three monitoring mechanisms have been identified in the corporate governance literature. They are external auditing, internal auditing and directorships (Anderson et al, 1997; William, 2000) as well as the audit Committee (IIA, 2003). 2.2Internal Audit Evaluation Evaluating the internal audit function is to examine how well it can detect errors within an organization as well as fraud that have received greater emphasis (Rittenberg Anderson, 2006). The internal audit function is an important function that has been shown to add value and reduce detected errors by external auditors (Godwin, 2003; Carcello, 2005). Farber (2005), observed that the objective of internal audit function is to improve on the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance. Nestor (2004)  observed that internal audit function is taken to be an important governance tool to protect corporations from internal criminal behavior. Further, the professional literature suggests that internal audit is a vital tool in fraud detection when assets are misappropriated by employees or outsiders (Carcello et al, 2005b; Rittenberg and Anderson, 2006). As a result of the increase in accounting scandals in recent years, the internal audit function has received impressive atte ntion as an important contributor to effective public sector financial management and governance. Furthermore, the issue of effectiveness of internal audit is indispensable because it will create improvement in the government ministries (Unegbu Kida, 2011). In line with this, consideration over the measurement of the effectiveness of internal audit function keep receiving significant challenges, consisting the finding of the best and relevant method for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of internal audit (Bota Palfi, 2009; IIA, 2010; Spertus et al, 2010). In this vein, measurement of internal audit effectiveness should be considered because it has a role to play in achieving public sector objectives. Therefore, Arena and Azzone (2010), Chaveerug (2011) and Mihret et al, (2010) emphasize the need for future studies to examine the factors that influence internal audit effectiveness and the possible interactions among them. Equally, it is interesting to focus on the model that will lead to the strength of internal audit effectiveness (Aguolu, 2009). Consequently, many stu dies that have been conducted on internal audit effectiveness give more concern to private sector and the central government and its various ministries and departments. Internal Auditing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less studied and reported in the literature. 2.3Internal audit effectiveness: The word â€Å"effectiveness† have been defined by different researchers, for instance Arena and Azzone (2009) defined effectiveness â€Å"as the capacity to obtain results that are consistent with targets objective,† while, Dittenhofer (2001) view effectiveness as the ability toward the achievement of the objectives and goals. In the same context, a program can be seen as effective if its outcome goes along with its objectives (Ahmad et al, 2009; Mihret et al, 2010). In this situation, internal audit effectiveness means  the ability of the internal auditor to achieve the established objective within the public sector institution. This goes along that the objectives of an internal audit for every organization depend on the goals set out by the management of the organization (Pungas, 2003) as such, the objective of internal audit in public sector institutions should also go a long with the set up goals by the management of the particular institutions and Acts of Parliament that established them. With regard to that, the internal audit should be able to achieve the established objective in order improve the performance of the organization. Consequently, to determine whether the internal auditing function is operating effectively or not, some things have to be considered which include; identification of the basic objective of internal auditing; define the goals to be accomplished by the internal auditing and establish measures that will assist toward the achievement of those goals (Aguolu, 2009; Dittenhofer, 2001) while Cassandra et at (2008) argued that in order to achieve internal audit objective, three basic c onditions must be satisfied i.e. independence; organizational status; and objectivity, also (Feizizadeh, 2012) consideration was that, for an internal audit function to achieve high levels of effectiveness these four items must be consider; goes along with stakeholder needs; achieves best to his abilities; complies with relevant professional standards and; performance measures. Thus, Beckmerhagen et al (2004) also argued that the audit effectiveness should not be measured based on achievement of the audit objectives or on the number of findings of the internal auditor alone, but also more important is to determine the quality and suitability of the audit plan, execution and follow-up. Similarly, Shareholders have the power to remove any internal auditor that is ineffective (Dhamankar Khandewale, 2003). This should also be the case in public sector, where internal auditors that are not effective despite the provision of all necessary measures that might have improved their effectiveness, should be removed by the stakeholders. Generally, researchers have also indicated some of the reasons behind the ineffectiveness of internal audit to include; ineffective management controls, non clear definition of objectives by some organizations and inadequate support from top management (Ahmad et al, 2009; Dittenhofer 2001; Unegbu Kida, 2011). Therefore, in line with their findings, the implications of an ineffective internal audit in a public sector management can lead to; the possibility of the emergence of fraud; low or non compliance with internal policies and procedures; ineffective financial decision for successful operation (Unegbu Kida, 2011). Hence, the effective internal audits carry out an independent evaluation of the financial and operating information and systems and procedures with a view to provide good recommendations for improvements (Mihret Yismaw, 2007; New Delhi, 2006). That is why proper internal organization is also essential factor that lead to the achievement of internal audit effectiveness. Similarly, internal audit effectiveness can also be enhanced by ensuring consistency in the documentation of audit work, quality of reporting and proper implementation of their recommendation (Mihret Yismaw, 2007). Therefore, having such effective internal audit within organization, will automatically helps to achieve performance and profitability and prevent in loss of revenues particularly in public sectors (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012), even though Pilcher Gilchrist and Singh (2011) observed that efficiency and effectiveness of audit in a public sectors context is more complex than in the private sectors. Several studies have been conducted on the internal audit effectiveness. For example the study carried out by Ahmad et al (2009) on the effectiveness of internal audit in Malaysian public sector, using simple percentage for data analysis found the lack of audit staff is ranked as the major problem faced by internal auditors in conducting an effective internal auditing. The study concluded by suggesting that future studies should adopt other methods such as field survey of wider groups of internal auditors both in public and the private sectors. Likewise, Theofanis, et al (2011) examine the relationship between element of internal control system and internal audit effectiveness and the result of the study reveal positive relationship between the two relationships. Even though the studies used only 52 Hotels in Greek as a sample and mail survey for data collection, but at conclusion they suggest that if future studies should carried out research on internal audit effectiveness with large sample, the result will be better than their own. Also Feizizadeh (2012) carried out study on strengthening internal audit  effectiveness and found that most of the companies measure and quantify the performance effectiveness of their business activities. Therefore, looking at the above studies, they consider the effectiveness of internal audit at company’s level, hotels and banks ignoring such effectiveness at local level. In this vein, this study extends the previous study through examining such effectiveness at public sector institutions and mainly on the employee perception and attitude which many did not cover. 3.4 Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of factors influencing Internal Audit CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0Introduction This chapter will focus on the methodologies used for the study which will include: research design, study area, identification of the target population, sample selection method and size, data collection techniques, data analysis methods and the anticipated constraints. 3.1 Research design The study will adopt a cross sectional survey design where both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis will be used. The respondents will be selected from different departments within the branch; this includes; managers, Internal Audit, Human Resource, Information technology staff, Finance and Accounts staff of NSSF. 3.2Scope of the study The study will be carried out at NSSF Branches at Nandi Hills, Kericho and Sotik in Rift Valley Region. All information and respondents targeted to participate in the study are expected to be easily accessible in the offices situated in these places. Other variables will not be considered in this study. It is limited to the attitude and employees’ perception 3.3Population The public sector in Kenya constitutes the central government and the allied ministries and departments, the county governments and the related departments, the courts, constitutional commissions and institutions and bodies formed through Acts of Parliament. It is the single largest employer of internal auditors, but the target population for this study within the NSSF will include and be stratified as: Branch Managers, Accountants, and other staff, totaling 425 possible respondents. 3.4Sample Selection and Size A purposive sample is used. Accordingly a survey type of research will be adopted in which a sample from the target population will be used for the study. The total staff population in NSSF is 1455. To arrive at the sample size for the purpose of this research study, a sample size calculator is used. By putting the confidence level at 95% and a confidence interval of 4, the sample size needed to be selected is from the 1455 employees will be 425 which represent 29.2% of the sample target population. This represents an average of a third of the total number of members of staff and will be representative enough for this research. It is distributed as shown in the table below: Composition of staff with NSSF Kenya for the purpose of the research working. Category Target Population Target Sample Percentage of target population Managers

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy on Education Statement

Philosophy of Education "I just know I'm next. Don't call on me, don't call on me. Please, please! Whew! ! ! That was a close one. I hate it when that teacher calls on me to answer questions in front of the whole class. I never know the answers. He knows I don't know the answers and that's why he always calls on me. Yep, he hates me alright. One of these days I'm going to...Oh, yes Mr. Jones, I can come work that problem for you. Thank you, sir." What you have just read are thoughts that took place in the minds of any number of students, sitting in any number of classrooms, today. In the eye of the student, the teacher is out to ultimately destroy him while all of his classmates stand idly by and watch. In reality, of course, this is not the case. A teacher's job can be very thankless and unappreciated at times, not only by the student, but by parents and the general public also. In the long-run, however, the life changing effects a teacher can have on a child's life is priceless. Through the course of this paper, my personal views on the nature of students, the nature of knowledge, the overall purpose of education, teaching methods I intend to use, and the curriculum I intend to concentrate most on in teaching elementary aged children will all be brought to view. In addition to these areas, I will discuss why I disagree with Rousseau in his belief that a child's education should be centered around only the things that he/she wants to learn. I will also discuss why I agree with him in his belief that children should not be taught through memorization. In addressing the nature of students, I would have to agree with the Sophists in the belief that, although all children are not born on the same intellectual level, ... ...at he has read. Without sufficient reading and comprehension skills, the child will now not only be an inadequate reader, but an inadequate writer as well. There are an infinite number of additional examples of skills that grow out of the ability to read at an age appropriate level. In conclusion, I believe that a child is able to accomplish anything if he continues to try. It is also my beliefs that: 1)students are directly influenced by parent/teacher collaboration (or the lack of it), 2) education is an effective way of building productive, self-sufficient citizens, 3) methods of teaching and discipline should both be directly tied to the teacher's code of ethics, and 4) reading is the most important subject for the child to learn in elementary school. Regardless of the manner by which a teacher does it, the effects he/she has on a students life is immense. My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy on Education Statement Philosophy of Education "I just know I'm next. Don't call on me, don't call on me. Please, please! Whew! ! ! That was a close one. I hate it when that teacher calls on me to answer questions in front of the whole class. I never know the answers. He knows I don't know the answers and that's why he always calls on me. Yep, he hates me alright. One of these days I'm going to...Oh, yes Mr. Jones, I can come work that problem for you. Thank you, sir." What you have just read are thoughts that took place in the minds of any number of students, sitting in any number of classrooms, today. In the eye of the student, the teacher is out to ultimately destroy him while all of his classmates stand idly by and watch. In reality, of course, this is not the case. A teacher's job can be very thankless and unappreciated at times, not only by the student, but by parents and the general public also. In the long-run, however, the life changing effects a teacher can have on a child's life is priceless. Through the course of this paper, my personal views on the nature of students, the nature of knowledge, the overall purpose of education, teaching methods I intend to use, and the curriculum I intend to concentrate most on in teaching elementary aged children will all be brought to view. In addition to these areas, I will discuss why I disagree with Rousseau in his belief that a child's education should be centered around only the things that he/she wants to learn. I will also discuss why I agree with him in his belief that children should not be taught through memorization. In addressing the nature of students, I would have to agree with the Sophists in the belief that, although all children are not born on the same intellectual level, ... ...at he has read. Without sufficient reading and comprehension skills, the child will now not only be an inadequate reader, but an inadequate writer as well. There are an infinite number of additional examples of skills that grow out of the ability to read at an age appropriate level. In conclusion, I believe that a child is able to accomplish anything if he continues to try. It is also my beliefs that: 1)students are directly influenced by parent/teacher collaboration (or the lack of it), 2) education is an effective way of building productive, self-sufficient citizens, 3) methods of teaching and discipline should both be directly tied to the teacher's code of ethics, and 4) reading is the most important subject for the child to learn in elementary school. Regardless of the manner by which a teacher does it, the effects he/she has on a students life is immense.

My Personal Identity Essay -- Personal Narrative, Identity Essay

A person’s identity is shaped by many different aspects. Family, culture, friends, personal interests and surrounding environments are all factors that tend to help shape a person’s identity. Some factors may have more of an influence than others and some may not have any influence at all. As a person grows up in a family, they are influenced by many aspects of their life. Family and culture may influence a person’s sense of responsibilities, ethics and morals, tastes in music, humor and sports, and many other aspects of life. Friends and surrounding environments may influence a person’s taste in clothing, music, speech, and social activities. Personal interests are what truly set individuals apart. An individual is not a puppet on the string of their puppet-master, nor a chess piece on their master’s game board, individuals choose their own paths in life. They accomplish, or strive to accomplish, goals that they have set for themselves thro ughout their lifetime. Individuals are different from any other individual in the world because they live their own life rather than following a crowd of puppets. A person’s identity is defined by what shaped it in the first place, why they chose to be who they are, and what makes them different from everybody else in the world. I feel that I have developed most of my identity from my own dreams, fantasies, friends, and idols. I am who I am partly because of my family, but mostly because of who I want myself to be. I will never be exactly what I want to be because of my family upbringing, but I can provide myself with opportunities to live a somewhat similar life. I would have loved to be brought up in a family that was into off-road racing, such as trucks, snowmobiles, an... ...far, education has had no real impact on the person that I am, but hopefully by the time I finish college, it will. I am very proud of the person that I have become. I have followed my own dreams, fantasies, friends, and idols to become the person that I am today. My family has influenced me as far as morals and values, my friends have influenced me in social activities, speech, and clothing, and my fantasies and idols have given me something to strive for in my life. Once a person takes the time to truly get to know me, they tend to see me as one of the greatest guys that they have ever met. I will continue to live my life for individual that I am while taking into other people and not doing anything that may negatively affect another person’s life. I am currently very happy with the person that I am and will continue keep myself happy until the day I die.

Physical and Chemical Change Lab Essay

Test the effect of a magnet on each substance by passing the magnet under the paper. Test the solubility of each substance by mixing small amounts in a separate test tube with 3mL of distilled water in it, then â€Å"flick† each tube to mix the contents. Return strip of magnesium in test tube to its paper. Follow teacher’s instructions for paper disposal of other materials. -Part B: Record all observations of Part B in Data Table 2 6. Mix iron filings and sulfur on clean paper. Examine mixture with magnifying class. Test effect of magnet. Give this mixture to teacher for further use in Part C. 7. Mix sodium chloride and sand on clean paper. Examine mixture with magnifying glass and test effect of magnet. 8. Transfer salt-sand mixture into 100mL beaker, then add 30mL of water and stir. Record observations, and then prepare for filtration setup. Filter the mixture and record observations. Pour 10mL of filtrate into evaporating dish, then prepare burner to heat evaporating dish. Heat dish till filtrate is completely evaporated. Examine both dry residue in dish and wet residue on filter paper. Caution: Do not look directly at burning magnesium. Using tongs pick up the magnesium and hold it over the burner till it ignites. After ignition quickly put burning magnesium over watch glass to catch falling combustion product. Compare original and burnt magnesium products appearance. 10. Put the normal magnesium and combustion product into separate test tubes. Add 10 drops of 6M hydrochloric acid to each test tube. Feel the bottom of each test tube and record your answer. 11. Put half of the sucrose sample into a test tube. Caution: Be sure tube is cool before handling it. After test tube is cool, use a spatula to scrape residue and clean test tube. Examine residue and test its solubility in water. Transfer sodium hydrogen carbonate sample to test tube. Add 5 drops of 6M hydrochloric acid. Touch tube at bottom with hand and record observation. Follow teacher’s instruction for proper disposal of materials. -Part C: Record all observations for Part C in Data Table Samples of the iron-sulfur mixture from Part B will be put into a clean test tube. The mass of the test tube and its contents will be determined and recorded.

Engineers Need to Know About Economics

Title of presentation Engineering students should learn economics. I chose this topic because it related directly to my audience whom are mostly engineering students. Audience Knowledge level of audience My audience and I will graduated in a few years and the topic that I will deliver closely linked to my audience. Every student should aware about their challenges that they will face in the future. I hope the speech that I will convey could give some basic preparation in the future especially in managing their wealth and for preparation to start a business.How I plan to gain the audience’s attention I would like to start the presentation by sharing the statistic of bankruptcy in Malaysia due to poor managing the wealth. Mostly, the fresh graduates encounter this problem because they want to have luxury car and home at young age. Presentation 1) Introduction Purpose and importance of this topic To persuade my audience especially engineering students that they should prepare the mselves with economic skills because they need both to become good engineer. Great ideas of engineering but do not have money to implement is a failure.How the topic relevant to the audience In the modern world of today filled with the latest technology one can ever dream of, competing with others to have a good qualification in education is not an unusual phenomena. Having just engineering based knowledge is not enough to become a good engineer. It is because money is one of important factor in completing a project. Furthermore, fresh graduates also need to manage their wealth well since a lot of graduates facing problem because lack of information about the loans that they have made. Thesis statement:Engineers students should prepared themselves with economic empowerment so that they could manage their wealth, help them in starting their own business or during managerial period. Main points: * Economics is important in helping fresh graduates to manage their money well. * To prepa re engineers before they get promotion as a manager. * Engineering graduates need good economics skills to start their own business. Establish credibility In this semester, I am taking Engineering Economics & Entrepreneurship course. This course were related to this topic.I also have read and researched that engineers need more than engineering based knowledge to a job in today’s world. Apart from that, many of my seniors, acquaintances have shared their experience that having a good managing money for ourselves or for company is important for working in comfort. 2) Body Organisational pattern I will use problem-cause- solution order as my organizational pattern for this presentation. Many graduates faced financial problems such as loans from bank and after that I will shared the solution to the audience.Supporting ideas for each main point. * Economics is important in helping fresh graduates manage their money well. * Of more than 1. 7 Million bankrupts in Malaysia,  there are more than 90,000 civil servants of the Malaysian government that are made bankrupt  just because they failed to pay on their car loans or being a guarantor to one. * Fresh graduates should be equipped with economics so that they know where to invest their money and helping them in making decision during making loans to buy a car or house. To prepare engineers before they get promotion as a manager. * Manage cash flow well is one of the important duty of a manager. * To become a good manager of company, engineering graduates need both engineering and business skills to avoid them from be tricked. * Engineering graduates need good economics and business skills to start their own company. * Engineering graduates need both engineering specialties and good managing the money to have a competent business. * The number of unemployed persons in this country rose to around 402,300 in July from 388,500 in June.If engineering graduates were thought how to make money from the engineering skills that they already learnt, they will have confident to start their own company and directly will decrease the number of unemployment. Transition from one point to next point I will ensure that there is coherent transition from one main point to the next main point by mentioning the order of the main points at the beginning of the presentation. In addition, to enhance the understanding about the topic, I will use linkers in my presentation such as â€Å"furthermore†, â€Å"in addition†, and â€Å"on top of that†.Summaries each point I will repeat the problem that fresh graduate will face in the future and the solutions that could help them. By doing that, audience could remember the main issue in each point. The audience should remember that managing wealth is important to live happily in future. 3) Conclusion Summaries of entire presentation I will summaries the entire presentation by recalled my audience with all the main points that I already presented. Every problem and solutions will be repeated so that my audience will remember what my speech is all about until the end of the speech.I will show great some entrepreneurs that have both specialties in engineering and business. Describe on reiterate the purpose and importance of the whole presentation to relate to your audience. I will reiterate this presentation to my audience by explaining to them that there is very important for us to start changing the myths that the knowledge that were thought in university right know are enough. It is because everyone including engineering student should well prepared themselves with basic economic skills. Q&A sessionQuestions that I anticipate from the audience * What type of knowledge that student should prepared? * What type of challenges that students will face in the future? Practice session How did I practice my speech? * I practice my speech mostly in my room roughly about 10 times. Sometimes I also practice in front my friends. Area o f my speech needed improvement * I need improvement in delivery especially in pronunciation. Time limit Without consider the environmental effect that I will have during the presentation, from the practices, I managed to stay within the time limit.

Nirma vs Hul Essay

Rural inhabitants aren’t a different species, but consumers as quirky and demanding of marketers as any of their urban cousins. And just as eager to consume — maybe even more so, given their access to messages of consumption via TV, but lacking the easy access that makes urban consumer’s blase. For marketers the potential is huge — a country waiting eagerly for their products, providing they can make the effort to export inwards, and learn to play the games by rural rules. And if they don’t, the chances are that they will be left behind. Even with the minimal effort put in by companies so far, rural India now accounts for majority, or near majority, consumption in many categories. — Rural India is clearly not such an area of darkness anymore, and as a further incentive to keep the lights on, remember that farmers get electricity free! One of the most popular and widely accepted Marketing Myth is that the rural consumers will only buy really cheap mass market brands. But the stark reality is that though brands like Nirma lead, but penetration of premium products has also been observed even to the lowest SEC. The percentages may be very small, but given the large universe, the actual figures may be significant Thus when we are aware of the fact that brands like Nirma rule the rural market, it would be interesting to study and analyse their basic marketing inputs —–the 4P†s 1 NIRMA About the Company Nirma is the Rs. 17 billion Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products Brand, a market leader in the Indian detergent market and second largest in bathing soaps†¦ the brand NIRMA being one of the world’s biggest in it’s segment†¦ result of it’s mission to provide ‘Better Products, Better Value, Better Living’. The man who altered the clothes-washing habits of the Karsanbhai Patel the chairman of the Ahmedabad-based Nirma Ltd. This chemist who manufactured detergents at home in Ahmedabad in 1969 has certainly come a long way. He worked from his backyard which developed into a soap factory, cycled to retail outlets and hawked his b rand at one-fourth of the price of similar products then available. At Rs 6, Nirma, named after his daughter, was the cheapest detergent vying for attention on shop shelves. By the late 1980s, Nirma had become one of the world’s largest-selling detergent powders. That he rewrote history and gave Hindustan Lever, the Indian subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch foods and toiletries conglomerate Unilever, a huge headache is wellchronicled. Today he is proud owner of an Rs 2,500-crore Ahmedabad-based soaps and detergents major It has been Patel’s dream to make Nirma a synonym for quality. â€Å"Nirma is not merely a brand or a product, it is a dynamic phenomenon, a revolution, a philosophy,† he once said. Nirma sells over 800,000 tones of detergent products every year and commands a 35% share of the Indian detergent market, making it one of the world’s biggest detergent brands. Towards this end, he tried his hand at many brand extensions. From toothpaste to salt and matchsticks, they all nestled under the Nirma umbrella. Incorporated as a private limited company, Nirma was converted into a deemed public company and then to a public limited one in Nov. ’93. Nirma is an over Rs. 17 billion brand with a leadership presence in Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products, offering employment to over 15,000 people.

Happiness and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Happiness and Religion - Essay Example This study discusses that the happiness of individuals can range from their religious background, activities, culture and aspects of life.   Religious groups have a belief that their happiness comes from the relationship between them and their God. The theory of happiness attempts to explain the ultimate reason for humankind existence is happiness. â€Å"happiness is this feeling of existence".This quote reveals how happiness is a major determinant of the future of human kind.From this paper it is clear that human kind happiness is affected by many other factors that revolve around him. Psychological happiness can be determined by three components. Happiness can be due to genetic factors, circumstances, and activities. A large percentage of the human beings happiness is due to genetic factors where some of the individuals are joyful than others. Some individuals are born as good comedians, which reveal their state of mind as positive or jovial. Demographic factors like age, gender , culture and geographic factors affect the happiness of individuals. Happiness can be affected by age where you find children are happy than their parents. Responsibilities as parents affect the happiness comparing to children who do not even realize the meaning of responsibilities. The activities that individuals involve themselves in also determine of their state of their minds. According to psychologists, individual careers can affect their happiness since some of the careers tend to be stressful.... Islam’s belief that as believers who love their God Allah and have faith in Him should be contented with his verdict (Gulla, 84). All Gods commandments according to Muslims focus on bringing happiness to believers. The Muslims belief that there is nothing too big or small that is not clearly covered in the Islam teachings. Islamic religion is said to be the complete way of life. The Quran teaches individuals to be optimists in life, always be at peace, rejoice and be joyful in all aspects of life (Chittister, 24). Religions have specific holy days, which are the most important days in their religious life. Christians have Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter Monday as their hold days. These specific days are happy moments for all Christians worldwide. Muslims also have their Eid ul fitr as their holy day. The religious groups use these special days to make peace with God and seek for spiritual guidance. They believe that making peace with God is a path to inner happiness, which in turn lead to success. According to the holy books teachings marriage is considered as holy union. The holy books are used to educate couples on their biblical roles of husband and wife. The Bible teaches us on the secrets of happy marriage. In addition, Christian’s couples who follow the holy book teachings and guidance are assured that they in the path of success. In real life, the non-religious are not welcome in religious countries and are believed to be perpetrators of evil deeds. On the other hand, in the non-religious countries all individuals regardless of their religious background they are welcome. Religious individuals are believed to have a happy life than the non-believers since they have no

Lack of Effective Professional Codes and Motivation Essay

Lack of Effective Professional Codes and Motivation - Essay Example Among the sources of the problem in the company, that the auditing discovered included: Employees require a conducive working environment, one that encourages profitability. Your company lacks such a structure a feature that gives rise to numerous unethical practices most of which derail the operations of the employees at the organization. Motivation and supervision are two primary roles of the management that influences the profitability of a company since they affect the productivity of the employees. The management must, therefore, enhance the motivation of its employees besides securing a conducive working environment for the same employees. This way, it becomes possible to develop a structure of accountability in the company thus improving the productivity of the commercial organization. Two cases of sexual molestation went unreported within the last three months. Such is an avid portrayal of an unconducive working environment. Female employees feel threatened at the organization owing to the abject disregard of the sexual offenses act in the country. The cases of sexual molestation in the company portray the lack of unity between the management and the junior employees of the firm a feature that creates space for the senior managers to use their privileged position to sexually molest the vulnerable female employees. In order to curb such cases and create a conducive working environment for the employees of the firm, my taskforce recommends that the company develops appropriate professional codes of conduct. Through the codes, the management must indicate the behavior it considers unwelcome in the company. Besides the codes, the management must apprehend the specific employees found guilty of molesting their juniors in the past. Such is the only way for the management to reassure its employees of the new changes thus develop  their confidence. Additionally, the management must develop an appropriate bureaucratic structure, one that enables appropriate supervision of the employees in the company.